Airplane Instruments, Engines and Systems

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In the Northern Hemisphere, a magnetic compass will normally indicate a turn toward the north if

an aircraft is accelerated while on an east or west heading.

During flight, when are the indications of a magnetic compass accurate?

Only in straight-and-level unaccelerated flight.

Deviation in a magnetic compass is caused by the

magnetic fields within the aircraft distorting the lines of magnetic force.

In the Northern Hemisphere, if an aircraft is accelerated or decelerated, the magnetic compass will normally indicate

correctly when on a north or south heading.

In the Northern Hemisphere, a magnetic compass will normally indicate initially a turn toward the west if

a right turn is entered from a north heading

In the Northern Hemisphere, the magnetic compass will normally indicate a turn toward the south when

the aircraft is decelerated while on a west heading.

In the Northern Hemisphere, a magnetic compass will normally indicate initially a turn toward the east if

a left turn is entered from a north heading.

The pitot system provides impact pressure for which instrument?

Airspeed indicator.

Which instrument will become inoperative if the pitot tube becomes clogged?

Airspeed

If the pitot tube and outside static vents become clogged, which instruments would be affected?

The altimeter, airspeed indicator, and vertical speed indicator.

Which instrument(s) will become inoperative if the static vents become clogged?

Airspeed, altimeter, and vertical speed

What does the red line on an airspeed indicator represent?

Never-exceed speed.

What is an important airspeed limitation that is not color coded on airspeed indicators?

Maneuvering speed.

What is the caution range of the airplane?

165 to 208 MPH.

The maximum speed at which the airplane can be operated in smooth air is

208 MPH.

What is the full flap operating range for the airplane?

60 to 100 MPH

Which color identifies the never-exceed speed?

The red radial line

Which color identifies the power-off stalling speed in a specified configuration?

Lower limit of the green arc.

What is the maximum flaps-extended speed?

100 MPH.

Which color identifies the normal flap operating range?

The white arc.

Which color identifies the power-off stalling speed with wing flaps and landing gear in the landing configuration?

Lower limit of the white arc.

What is the maximum structural cruising speed?

165 MPH.

Altimeter 2 indicates

14,500 feet.

Altimeter 1 indicates

10,500 feet.

Altimeter 3 indicates

9,500 feet.

Which altimeter(s) indicate(s) more than 10,000 feet?

1 and 2 only.

What is absolute altitude?

The vertical distance of the aircraft above the surface.

What is true altitude?

The vertical distance of the aircraft above sea level.

What is density altitude?

The pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature.

Under what condition is pressure altitude and density altitude the same value?

At standard temperature.

Under what condition is indicated altitude the same as true altitude?

When at sea level under standard conditions.

Under which condition will pressure altitude be equal to true altitude?

When standard atmospheric conditions exist.

What is pressure altitude?

The altitude indicated when the barometric pressure scale is set to 29.92.

Altimeter setting is the value to which the barometric pressure scale of the altimeter is set so the altimeter indicates

true altitude at field elevation.

If it is necessary to set the altimeter from 29.15 to 29.85, what change occurs?

700-foot increase in indicated altitude.

If a pilot changes the altimeter setting from 30.11 to 29.96, what is the approximate change in indication?

Altimeter will indicate 150 feet lower.

If a flight is made from an area of low pressure into an area of high pressure without the altimeter setting being adjusted, the altimeter will indicate

lower than the actual altitude above sea level.

If a flight is made from an area of high pressure into an area of lower pressure without the altimeter setting being adjusted, the altimeter will indicate

higher than the actual altitude above sea level.

Which condition would cause the altimeter to indicate a lower altitude than true altitude?

Air temperature warmer than standard.

Under what condition will true altitude be lower than indicated altitude?

In colder than standard air temperature.

How do variations in temperature affect the altimeter?

Pressure levels are raised on warm days and the indicated altitude is lower than true altitude.

The proper adjustment to make on the attitude indicator during level flight is to align the

miniature airplane to the horizon bar.

How should a pilot determine the direction of bank from an attitude indicator such as the one illustrated?

By the relationship of the miniature airplane (C) to the deflected horizon bar (B).

A turn coordinator provides an indication of the

movement of the aircraft about the yaw and roll axes.

To receive accurate indications during flight from a heading indicator, the instrument must be

periodically realigned with the magnetic compass as the gyro precesses.

An abnormally high engine oil temperature indication may be caused by

the oil level being too low.

Excessively high engine temperatures will

cause loss of power, excessive oil consumption, and possible permanent internal engine damage.

For internal cooling, reciprocating aircraft engines are especially dependent on

the circulation of lubricating oil.

If the engine oil temperature and cylinder head temperature gauges have exceeded their normal operating range, the pilot may have been operating with

too much power and with the mixture set too lean.

What action can a pilot take to aid in cooling an engine that is overheating during a climb?

Reduce rate of climb and increase airspeed.

What is one procedure to aid in cooling an engine that is overheating?

Enrich the fuel mixture.

How is engine operation controlled on an engine equipped with a constant-speed propeller?

The throttle controls power output as registered on the manifold pressure gauge and the propeller control regulates engine RPM.

A precaution for the operation of an engine equipped with a constant-speed propeller is to

avoid high manifold pressure settings with low RPM.

What is an advantage of a constant-speed propeller?

Permits the pilot to select the blade angle for the most efficient performance.

One purpose of the dual ignition system on an aircraft engine is to provide for

improved engine performance.

With regard to carburetor ice, float-type carburetor systems in comparison to fuel injection systems are generally considered to be

more susceptible to icing.

The operating principle of float-type carburetors is based on the

difference in air pressure at the venturi throat and the air inlet.

If an aircraft is equipped with a fixed-pitch propeller and a float-type carburetor, the first indication of carburetor ice would most likely be

loss of RPM.

The presence of carburetor ice in an aircraft equipped with a fixed-pitch propeller can be verified by applying carburetor heat and noting

a decrease in RPM and then a gradual increase in RPM.

Which condition is most favorable to the development of carburetor icing?

Temperature between 20 and 70°F and high humidity.

The possibility of carburetor icing exists even when the ambient air temperature is as

high as 70°F and the relative humidity is high.

Generally speaking, the use of carburetor heat tends to

decrease engine performance.

Applying carburetor heat will

enrich the fuel/air mixture.

What change occurs in the fuel/air mixture when carburetor heat is applied?

The fuel/air mixture becomes richer.

During the run-up at a high-elevation airport, a pilot notes a slight engine roughness that is not affected by the magneto check but grows worse during the carburetor heat check. Under these circumstances, what would be the most logical initial action?

Check the results obtained with a leaner setting of the mixture.

The basic purpose of adjusting the fuel/air mixture at altitude is to

decrease the fuel flow in order to compensate for decreased air density.

While cruising at 9,500 feet MSL, the fuel/air mixture is properly adjusted. What will occur if a descent to 4,500 feet MSL is made without readjusting the mixture?

The fuel/air mixture may become excessively lean.

Detonation occurs in a reciprocating aircraft engine when

the unburned charge in the cylinders explodes instead of burning normally.

If a pilot suspects that the engine (with a fixed-pitch propeller) is detonating during climb-out after takeoff, the initial corrective action to take would be to

lower the nose slightly to increase airspeed.

If the grade of fuel used in an aircraft engine is lower than specified for the engine, it will most likely cause

detonation.

The uncontrolled firing of the fuel/air charge in advance of normal spark ignition is known as

pre-ignition.

What type fuel can be substituted for an aircraft if the recommended octane is not available?

The next higher octane aviation gas.

Filling the fuel tanks after the last flight of the day is considered a good operating procedure because this will

prevent moisture condensation by eliminating airspace in the tanks.

On aircraft equipped with fuel pumps, when is the auxiliary electric driven pump used?

In the event engine-driven fuel pump fails.

Which would most likely cause the cylinder head temperature and engine oil temperature gauges to exceed their normal operating ranges?

Using fuel that has a lower-than-specified fuel rating.

What should be the first action after starting an aircraft engine?

Adjust for proper RPM and check for desired indications on the engine gauges.

Should it become necessary to handprop an airplane engine, it is extremely important that a competent pilot

be at the controls in the cockpit.

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