Airplanes and Aerodynamics

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What is one purpose of wing flaps?

To enable the pilot to make steeper approaches to a landing without increasing the airspeed.

One of the main functions of flaps during approach and landing is to

increase the angle of descent without increasing the airspeed.

What is the purpose of the rudder on an airplane?

To control yaw.

The four forces acting on an airplane in flight are

lift, weight, thrust, and drag.

When are the four forces that act on an airplane in equilibrium?

During unaccelerated flight.

What is the relationship of lift, drag, thrust, and weight when the airplane is in straight-and-level flight?

Lift equals weight and thrust equals drag.

The term "angle of attack" is defined as the angle

between the wing chord line and the relative wind.

Angle of attack is defined as the angle between the chord line of an airfoil and the

direction of the relative wind.

The acute angle A is the angle of

attack.

The angle of attack at which an airplane wing stalls will

remain the same regardless of gross weight.

As altitude increases, the indicated airspeed at which a given airplane stalls in a particular configuration will

remain the same regardless of altitude.

In what flight condition must an aircraft be placed in order to spin?

Stalled.

During a spin to the left, which wing(s) is/are stalled?

Both wings are stalled.

How will frost on the wings of an airplane affect takeoff performance?

Frost will disrupt the smooth flow of air over the wing, adversely affecting its lifting capability.

Why is frost considered hazardous to flight?

Frost spoils the smooth flow of air over the wings, thereby decreasing lifting capability.

How does frost affect the lifting surfaces of an airplane on takeoff?

Frost may prevent the airplane from becoming airborne at normal takeoff speed.

What is ground effect?

The result of the interference of the surface of the Earth with the airflow patterns about an airplane.

Floating caused by the phenomenon of ground effect will be most realized during an approach to land when at

less than the length of the wingspan above the surface.

What must a pilot be aware of as a result of ground effect?

Induced drag decreases; therefore, any excess speed at the point of flare may cause considerable floating.

Ground effect is most likely to result in which problem?

Becoming airborne before reaching recommended takeoff speed.

What force makes an airplane turn?

The horizontal component of lift.

An airplane said to be inherently stable will

require less effort to control.

What determines the longitudinal stability of an airplane?

The location of the CG with respect to the center of lift.

An airplane has been loaded in such a manner that the CG is located aft of the aft CG limit. One undesirable flight characteristic a pilot might experience with this airplane would be

difficulty in recovering from a stalled condition.

What causes an airplane (except a T-tail) to pitch nosedown when power is reduced and controls are not adjusted?

The downwash on the elevators from the propeller slipstream is reduced and elevator effectiveness is reduced.

Loading an airplane to the most aft CG will cause the airplane to be

less stable at all speeds.

In what flight condition is torque effect the greatest in a single-engine airplane?

Low airspeed, high power, high angle of attack.

The left turning tendency of an airplane caused by P-factor is the result of the

propeller blade descending on the right, producing more thrust than the ascending blade on the left.

When does P-factor cause the airplane to yaw to the left?

When at high angles of attack.

The amount of excess load that can be imposed on the wing of an airplane depends upon the

speed of the airplane.

Which basic flight maneuver increases the load factor on an airplane as compared to straight-and-level flight?

Turns.

During an approach to a stall, an increased load factor will cause the airplane to

stall at a higher airspeed.

If an airplane weighs 2,300 pounds, what approximate weight would the airplane structure be required to support during a 60° banked turn while maintaining altitude?

4,600 pounds.

If an airplane weighs 3,300 pounds, what approximate weight would the airplane structure be required to support during a 30° banked turn while maintaining altitude?

3,960 pounds.

If an airplane weighs 4,500 pounds, what approximate weight would the airplane structure be required to support during a 45° banked turn while maintaining altitude?

6,750 pounds.

How should a VFR flight plan be closed at the completion of the flight at a controlled airport?

The pilot must close the flight plan with the nearest FSS or other FAA facility upon landing

During the preflight inspection who is responsible for determining the aircraft as safe for flight?

The pilot in command

Who is primarily responsible for maintaining an aircraft in airworthy condition?

Owner or operator

How should an aircraft preflight inspection be accomplished for the first flight of the day?

Thorough and systematic means recommended by the manufacturer

When taxiing with strong quartering tailwinds, which aileron positions should be used?

Aileron down on the side from which the wind is blowing

Which aileron positions should a pilot generally use when taxiing in strong quartering headwinds?

Aileron up on the side from which the wind is blowing

Which wind condition would be most critical when taxiing a nosewheel equipped high-wing airplane?

Quartering tailwind

How should the flight controls be held while taxiing a tricycle-gear equipped airplane into a left quartering headwind?

Left aileron up, elevator neutral

How should the flight controls be held while taxiing a tricycle-gear equipped airplane with a left quartering tailwind?

Left aileron down, elevator down

How should the flight controls be held while taxiing a tailwheel airplane into a right quartering headwind?

Right aileron up, elevator up

How should the flight controls be held while taxiing a tailwheel airplane with a left quartering tailwind?

Left aileron down, elevator down

Upon encountering severe turbulence, which flight condition should the pilot attempt to maintain?

Level flight attitude

VFR approaches to land at night should be accomplished

the same as during daytime

The most important rule to remember in the event of a power failure after becoming airborne is to

immediately establish the proper gliding attitude and airspeed

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