Airports, ATC and Airspaces

Must conduct operations under instrument flight rules

Aircraft must be equipped with an ATC transponder and altitude reporting equipment

The pilot must receive an ATC clearance before operating an aircraft in that area

The pilot in command must hold at least a private pilot certificate

with 4096 code or Mode S, and Mode C capability

The aircraft must be equipped with an ATC transponder and altitude reporting equipment

200 knots

200 knots

aircraft may be operated at that speed

Aircraft must be equipped with an ATC transponder and altitude reporting equipment

Prior to entering that airspace, a pilot must establish and maintain communication with the ATC serving facility

authorized by ATC if the flight visibility is at least 1 SM

Remain clear of clouds, and the ground visibility must be at least 1 SM

The pilot must hold an instrument rating, and the airplane must be equipped for instrument flight

Class D, which then becomes Class E

4 NM, up to and including 2,500 feet AGL

4 NM, and up to and including 2,500 feet AGL

make all turns to the left, unless otherwise indicated

1,200 feet AGL up to, but not including, 18,000 feet MSL

transmitter and receiver

is past the solid-line side of the middle symbol

at an intersection where a roadway may be mistaken as a taxiway

Bottom yellow

Bottom yellow

Top red

indicates taxiway does not continue

There will be no apparent relative motion between your aircraft and the other aircraft

headed away from you

exercise sustained vigilance to avoid aircraft that may be converging on the VOR from other directions

being airborne prior to reaching the jet's flightpath until able to turn clear of its wake

Past the point where the jet touched down

The primary hazard is loss of control because of induced roll

Make sure you are slightly above the path of the jet

Stay above its final approach flightpath all the way to touchdown

Vortex circulation generated by helicopters in forward flight trail behind in a manner similar to wingtip vortices generated by airplanes

The vortex strength is greatest when the generating aircraft is heavy, clean, and slow

Pilot-in-Command

When it will compromise safety