Compiled Prefi

108問 • 4ヶ月前

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Any device that includes a lamp holder and the means of electrification and support for that device.

Luminaire

Emit light downward. These include most type of recessed lightings, including downlights and troffers and surface mounted luminaires.

Direct Luminaires

Emit light upward. These may include many styles of suspended luminaires, scones, and some portable lamps.

Indirect Luminaires

Emit light upward and downward but not to the side. These include many types of suspended luminaires as well as some table and floor lamps.

Direct/Indirect Luminaire

Emit light in all directions uniformly. These include most types of bare lamps, globes, chandeliers, pendants and some table and floor lamps.

Diffuse Luminaires

Are usually designed for specific applications. These may include wall washers.

Asymmetric Luminaires

Are generally direct luminaires that can be adjusted to throw light in directions other than down. These include track lights, flood lights and accent lights.

Adjustable Luminaires

are often cans or high hats.

Recessed Downlights

Used in a wide range of residential and commercial applications such as in lobbies, halls, corridors, stores and other finished spaces.

Recessed Downlights

are used in most commercial applications with a dropped ceiling and no nearby insulation.

Thermally Protected (T) Luminaires

occur when then luminaire is intended to be in contact with insulation. Housings are typically used in homes, especially in ceilings with attics above.

Insulated Ceiling (IC)

can be exposed to moist air but not to direct water spray or rain.

Damp Location Luminaires

can be exposed to direct water spray or rain, including extreme conditions outdoors.

Wet Location Fixtures

are designed for use in shower stalls and over spas.

Spa or Shower Fixtures

are equipped with backup battery so as to produce light for at least 90 minutes during a power outage (generally, only compact fluorescent luminaires are so equipped).

Emergency Fixtures

allow light to focus in art, signage and other interior surfaces and features.

Adjustable Accent Fixtures

appear as downlights but internally permit horizontal and vertical rotation of the lamp's light beam.

Recessed Accent Fixtures

allow for flexibility in lamps types and ease of relocation using a single power source.

Track Lighting Systems

are any type of asymmetric luminaire that is intended to flatly light the wall from the ceiling down to the floor.

Wallwashers

downlights with a kicker reflector to push up the wall.

Downlight Wallwashers

- resemble downlights but use a cut cone and angled prismatic lens to spread the light to a point source.

Recessed Lensed Wallwashers

throw light unto an adjacent wall using a sophisticated reflector system.

Surface and Semi-Recessed Lens and Open Wallwashers

at the ceiling, they provide a continuous line of fixtures parallel with the illuminated wall.

Linear or Continuous Recessed Wallwasher

is a technique that places the light source very close to the wall accentuating a textured surface.

Wall Gazing

are widely used in offices, stores, schools, and other commercial and institutional facilities for general lighting in work and sales areas.

Troffers

are the most common type of fluorescent luminaire.

Troffers

use a plastic lens to refract light and distribute it within the desired area below.

Lensed Troffers

use parabolically shaped aluminum or plastic louvers to shield the lamp for improved visual comfort.

Parabolic Troffers

are open, and light from fluorescent lamps is bounced off the interior box of the troffer.

Recessed Indirect Troffers

combine the efficiency of a lensed troffer with the aesthetic quality of the indirect basket troffer.

High Efficiency Troffers

are fluorescent luminaires having indirect, semi-direct, and direct-indirect lighting distribution: they are designed to illuminate offices and other more finished spaces.

Linear Lighting Systems

Because the luminaires can be obtained in varying lengths and assembled into patters, they are called.

Linear Systems

provide uplighting onto a ceiling plane.

Indirect Cove Fixtures

contain a reflector that pushes the light out into the space.

Asymmetric Fluorescent Cove Fixtures

vary in beam spread, size and wattage and can be used to illuminate a whole ceiling or simply provide a glow.

Adjustable LED Cove Fixtures

are very small profile LED strips that typically contain a tape backing.

LED “Tape” Lights

are specially designed to illuminate a desk area while minimizing veiling reflections.

Task Lights

can be surface mounted on walls or ceilings or can be suspended from ceilings. Flexible in location, quantity and aiming angles.

Task Lights

is the jewelry of architecture and, in many building types, plays a significant role in building style, period, or motif.

Decorative Lighting

are ornate luminaires generally consisting of many small incandescent lamps that simulate the effect of candle flames.

Chandeliers

are also ceiling-hung decorative fixtures.

Pendants

is used for hanging luminaires less formal than chandeliers that are used in offices, restaurants, and many other places.

Pendant

are similar to pendants but mount closely to the ceiling to allow use in most rooms with conventional ceiling heights.

Close-to-Ceiling Luminaires

are wall-mounted luminaires and are often decorative.

Sconces

are portable luminaires.

Table and Floor Lamps

are floor lamps designed specifically for uplighting.

Torchieres

are used for bath vanity and mirror areas.

Vanity Lights

is a control device that turns lights on and off.

Switch

The two most common switches.

Toggle and Decora (Paddle)

is a switch that turns lights off automatically after a certain period.

Timer Switch

are automatic switches that turn lights on when motion is detected and leave them on until some designated time after the last motion occurs.

Occupational Sensors

are control devices that vary the light level and power to lights.

Dimmers

feature photoelectric sensors that turn lights off or dim when there is sufficient daylight.

Daylighting Controls

Exposed but remain close to or flush with the ceiling of wall.

Surface Mounted Fixtures

Popular in hallways and bedrooms.

Surface Mounted Fixtures

If installed at wall it is called a “sconce” lighting fixture.

Surface Mounted Fixtures

suspended by a cord, chain, cable or other means and are popular over tables, kitchen islands and in higher ceiling areas.

Pendant Fixtures

can be surface mounted on walls or ceilings or can be suspended from ceiling.

Track Lighting

Flexible in location, quantity and aiming angles.

Track Lighting

defined typically by their cord which can be plugged in to any available electrical outlet. Desk and bed lights, pole lights fall into this category.

Portable Fixtures

is typically used to highlighting vertical surfaces and three-dimensional objects including architectural features and detail, artwork, retail displays and signage.

Focal Layer

is use to illuminate specific tasks that are performance in a space, like reading on a table.

Task Layer

it serves no purpose other than to catch the eye and to make statements about style or wealth.

Decorative Layer

provides the background lighting that helps create the mood of the space.

Ambient Layer

is soft, diffuse light that fills a room, reduces shadows and creates a sense of openness and comfort and tends to establish mood.

Ambient Light

Called if lower than task levels.

Ambient Lighting

Called if at task levels 300 to 500 lux (30 to 50 fc) or more.

General Lighting

are more often meant to look attractive rather than provide useful light. Wall sconces or chandeliers are the most common.

Decorative Luminaires

is the intensity of sensation resulting from viewing light sources and backgrounds.

Brightness

is the quality of visual sensation which is associated with the spectral distribution of light.

Color

depends upon the characteristics and the color of the surroundings, i.e. walls and ceilings, etc.

Reflection Factor or Coefficient of Reflection or Reflectance (p)

is the ratio of the total luminous flux transmitted to it to the total flux Incident on it.

Transmittance (T) of an Illuminated Diffuse Reflecting Surface

is the ratio of the lumens actually received by a particular surface to the total lumens emitted by the luminous source.

Coefficient of Utilization or Utilization Factor (n)

Factors affecting utilization factor:

Kind of lighting system, Type and mounting height of the fittings, Color of surface and surrounding, Shape and size of the room

are classified according to the following: location, requirement and purposes etc.

Lighting Schemes

The light is made to fall upon the surface with the help of deep reflectors.

Direct Lighting

It provides shadow less illumination which is useful for drawing officesand composing rooms.

Indirect Lighting

This is an efficient system of lighting and chances of glare are also reduced.

Semi-Direct Lighting

This also provides a uniform distribution of light and is best suited for room with high ceilings.

Semi-Direct Lighting

A very small amount of light is absorbed by the bowl.

Semi Indirect Lighting

It is mainly used for interior decoration.

Semi Indirect Lighting

Characteristics Of A Good Illumination:

The light source should not strike the eyes of the worker., The type and size of the lamp should be correct., Location of light sources should be proper., Reflecting equipment should be suitable.

Advantages of Correct Illumination:

Factory production increases, Accidents decrease, Wastage of jobs decreases

Advantages of a Well Design Lighting Scheme:

Adequate illumination, Avoidance of glare and hard shadows, Sufficient uniform distribution of light all over the workplace

Factors affecting illumination:

Brightness, Contrast, Glare, Diffuseness

Artificial Sources of Light Different methods of producing light by electrical means are the following:

By temperature incandescence, By establishing an electric arc between two carbon electrodes, By electric discharge

In this case light does not reach the surface directly but it is being reflected.

Indirect Lighting

The lamps are either placed behind a cornice or in suspended opaque bowls.

Indirect Lighting

There is an opaque reflector below the lamp.

Indirect Lighting

This system utilizes luminaires which send most of the light downwards directly on the working plane but a considerable amount reaches the ceilings and walls also.

Semi-Direct Lighting

This lighting system lies between the direct and indirect lighting wherein the light is partially received by diffuse reflection and partly direct from the source.

Semi-Indirect Lighting

This type of lighting is mostly used for decoration purposes.

Semi-Indirect Lighting

In this lighting system, luminaires are employed which have almost equal light distribution downwards and upwards.

General Diffusing System

is a type of reflection when a total reflection of an incident light does not occur but a small portion of it is absorbed by the reflecting surface and an image of the source is formed.

Specular Reflection

is a type of reflection where the incident light is scattered or diffused in all directions hence no image of the source is formed.

Diffuse Reflection

is one that scatters light uniformly in all directions. A white blotting paper is the nearest approach to this.

Perfect Diffuser

describes whether the light appears warm, neutral or cool.

Color Temperature

refers to the light emitted from a metal object heated to the point of incandescence.

Temperature

Minimum Lamp CRI Industrial and general illumination where color is not important

50-70

100

Minimum Lamp CRI Offices, schools and recreational spaces where color is not important

70-79

Enumeration

Sabrina Mikhaela Canindo · 42問 · 1年前

Enumeration