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56問 • 1年前

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Is the industrial-scale processes that makes water more acceptable for an end-use, which may be drinking, industry, or medicine.

Water Treatment

Processes such as settling and fitration.

Physical Processes

Processes such as disinfection and coagulation.

Chemical Processes

Processes are employed in the treatment of wastewater.

Biological Processes

Is the introduction of substances, biological organisms, or energy into the soil, resulting in a change of the soil cuality, which is likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endangering public health and the living environment.

Soil Pollution

The combined effects of population explosion and changing modern living standards have had a cumulative effect in the generation of a large amount of various types of wastes.

Solid Waste Management

Is very important in order to minimize the adverse effects of solid wastes.

Solid Waste Management

Any material that is thrown away or discarded as unwanted.

Solid Waste

Disposal of municipal waste in the upper layers of the earth's mantle.

Land Fill

Burn highly combustible wastes at very high temperature.

Incineration

Decompose the organic components of the municipal solid wastes.

Composting or Biodegradation

The introduction of substances to the marine environment directly or indirectly by man resulting in adverse effects such as hazardous to human health, obstruction of marine activities and lowering the quality of sea water.

Marine Pollution

Is mechanical energy from a vibrating source.

Sound

Is unpleasant and unwanted sound.

Noise

It can propagate through air, liquid or solid.

Sound

Is pressure perturbation in the medium through which it travels.

Sound

It creates alternate compression and rarefaction.

Sound Pressure

Noise is measure in terms of __ which is a log ratio of sound P to a std. P. It has a dimensionless unit __ (_). The international reference P is 2 x 10^-5 Pa.

SPL, decibel (dB)

The __ has recommended the permissible noise levels for various places

CPCB

Is the degradation of water quality by any process that increases the ambient water temperature.

Thermal Pollution

The physical pollution of air, water and soil by radioactive materials.

Nuclear Pollution

Is a waste with properties that make it potentially dangerous or harmful to human health or the environment.

Hazardous Waste

This list includes certain wastes from specific industries, such as petroleum refining or pesticide manufacturing.

K-list (source-specific wastes)

This list identifies wastes from many common manufacturing and industrial processes, such as solvents that have been used for cleaning or degreasing.

F-list (non-specific source wastes)

These lists include specific commercial chemical products that have not been used, but that will be (or have been) discarded.

P-list and U-list (discarded commercial chemical products)

This list includes certain wastes known to contain mercury, such as fluorescent lamps, mercury switches, and the products that house these switches, and mercury-containing novelties.

M-list (discarded mercury-containing products)

Can create fires under certain conditions, undergo spontaneous combustion, or have a flash point less than 60°C (140°F).

Ignitability

Are unstable under normal conditions. They can cause explosions or release toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when heated, compressed, or mixed with water.

Reactivity

Are materials, including solids, that are acids or bases, or that produce acidic or alkaline solutions.

Corrosivity

Are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed.

Toxicity

These contain small amounts of mercury, a potent, developmental neurotoxin that can damage the brain, liver, kidneys and central nervous system, especially in infants and young children.

Fluorescent Light Bulbs

Accidental exposure can occur through ingestion, inhalation, and/or skin absorption.

Pesticides and Herbicides

The dangers associated with these are generally combustion or explosion dangers.

Cylinders

These are solid wastes that pose a fire threat. These are materials that have the potential to ignite by friction or heat sources, or by contact with other chemicals.

Flammable Solids

The primary danger is that the substance could ignite.

Flammable Liquids

Permanent change in DNA (genetic material), which may be passed on to later generations.

Mutagenic Effect

An increase in an individual's risk of developing cancer.

Carcinogenic Effect

The risk that a developing embryo will have physical defects.

Teratogenic Effect

Are key concerns as a hazardous waste begins its journey from the generator site to a secure long-term storage facility.

Waste Processing and Handling

In this process, chemicals are mixed with waste sludge, the mixture is pumped onto land, and solidification occurs in several days or weeks.

Chemical Stabilization or Fixation

Offers an alternative to digging up and moving large quantities of hazardous waste, and is particularly suitable for treating large volumes of dilute waste.

Chemical Stabilization

is usually achieved by incineration, which takes advantage of the large organic fraction of waste being generated by many industries, but may lead to secondary problems for hazardous waste engineers.

Volume Reduction

Before shipment to a processing or long-term storage facility, wastes are segregated by type and chemical characteristics.

Waste Segregation

Is generally practiced to prevent undesirable reactions at disposal sites and may lead to economics of scale in the design of detoxification or resource recovery facilities.

Waste Segregation

These techniques are specific ion exchange obviously does not work for every chemical, and some forms of heat treatment may be prohibitively expensive for sludge that has a high water content.

Detoxification

Waste-specific degradation processes include __, which destroys organophosphorus and carbonate pesticides, and __, which destroys some polychiorinated pesticides

Hydrolysis, Chemical Dechlorination

A wide range of material to encapsulate hazardous waste is available.

Encapsulation

Are transported across the nation on trucks, rail flatcars, and barges.

Hazardous Wastes

Are based on the premise that one person's waste is another person's prize.

Recovery Alternatives

Hazardous waste landfills should be located well above historically high groundwater tables.

Hydrology

Hazardous waste management facilities should be located outside the paths of recurring severe storms.

Climatology

A disposal or processing facility should be located only on stable geologic formations.

Geology

The ecological balance must be considered as hazardous waste management facilities are located in a region.

Ecology

Areas with low ultimate land use should receive prime consideration. Areas with high recreational use potential should be avoided because of the increased possibility of direct human contact with the wastes.

Alternative Land Use

Factors that could make or break an effort to site a hazardous waste management facility fall under this major heading.

Socioeconomic Factors

Is a controlled process that uses combustion to convert a waste to a less bulky, less toxic, or less noxious material.

Incineration

MT 7

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MT 7