A process of sharing information through symbols, including words and message.

May happen between superior and subordinate, between peers, between a manager and a client or customer, between an employee and a government representative, etc.

It may be done face-to-face, or through printed materials, or through an electronics device like the telephone, etc.

It must be made for a purpose and because it has a cost attached to it, it must be used effectively.

Information provided through communication may be used for decision-making at various work levels in the organization.

Communication is also oftentimes used as a means to motivate employees to commit themselves to the organization's objectives.

When properly communicated, reports, policies, and plans define roles, clarify duties, authorities and responsibilities.

When feelings are repressed in the organization, employees are affected by anxiety, which, in turn, affects performance.

Whatever types of emotions are involved, whether satisfaction, dissatisfaction, happiness, or bitterness, it provides a means to DECREASE the INTERNAL pressure affecting the individual.

The most important step in effective communication.

It is important that the idea to be conveyed must be useful or of some value.

The next step is to .. the idea into words, illustrations, figures, or other symbols suitable for transmission.

The method of transmission should be determined in advance so that the idea may be encoded to conform with the specific requirements of the identified method.

After encoding, the message is now ready for transmission through the use of an appropriate communication channel.

Among the various channels used include the spoken word, body movements, the written word, television, telephone, radio, an artist's paint, electronic mail, etc.

It is very important so the message sent will reach and hold the attention of the receiver.

To achieve this, the communication channel must be free of barriers, or interference (sometimes referred to as noise).

The next step in the communication process is the actual receiving of the message by the intended receiver.

Translating the message from the sender into a form that will have meaning to the recipient.

Sometimes, acceptance (or rejection) is ..

The last step in the communication process.

Are those transmitted through hearing or sight.

Mostly involves hearing the words of the sender, although sometimes, opportunities are provided for seeing the sender's body movements, facial expression, gestures, and eye contact.

Sometimes, feeling, smelling, tasting, and touching are involved.

Where the sender seeks to communicate through the written word.

It is, sometimes, preferred over the oral communication because of time and cost constraints.

It is a means of conveying message through body language, as well as the use of time, space, touch, clothing, appearance, and aesthetic elements.

Consists of gestures, bodily movement, posture, facial expression, and mannerisms of all kinds.

Convey many shades of meaning and it is to the advantage of the communicator to understand what messages are relayed.

Are hindrances to effective communication arising from a communicator's characteristics as a person, such as emotions, values, poor listening habits, sex, age, race, socioeconomic status, religion, education, etc.

Cloud the communicator's ability to judge correctly the real meaning of messages received.

These frustrate the communication efforts of a sender.

Refer to interferences to effective communication occurring in the environment where the communication is undertaken.

Include distances between people, walls, a noisy jukebox near a telephone, etc

A .. that is overloaded may also prevent important information to reach the intended user.

Another physical barrier to communication is ..

It is the study of meaning as expressed in symbols.

An interference with the reception of a message that occurs when the message is misunderstood even though it is received exactly as transmitted.

It refers to message flows from higher levels of authority to lower levels.

Among the techniques used are as follows: letters, meetings, telephones, manuals, handbooks, and newsletters.

Are appropriate when directives are complex and precise actions are required.

When orders are simple but the result depends largely on employee morale, techniques that provide personal interchange are appropriate.

It has made it possible for people to hold meetings even if they are thousands of kilometers apart from each other.

Are useful sources of information regarding company policy, procedures, and organization.

Unlike using persons as sources of information, these are available whenever it is needed.

It provides more specific information about the duties and priveleges of the individual worker.

It has the advantage of being available whenever needed.

It provides a mixture of personal, social, and work-related information.

Articles about new hirings, promotions, birthdays of employees, questions and answers about work related issues are presented.

It refers to messages from persons in lower-level positions to persons in higher positions.

The messages sent usually provide information on work progress, problems encountered, suggestions for improving output, and personal feelings about work and non-work activities.

Among the techniques used are: formal grievance procedures, employee attitude and opinion surveys, suggestion systems, open-door policy, informal gripe sessions, task forces, and exit interviews.

Are part of a normally operating organization.

To effectively deal with them, organizations provide a system for employees to air their ..

Any employee's concern over a perceived violation of the labor agreement that is submitted to the procedure for eventual resolution.

Represents an open, upward communication channel whereby employees can offer suggestions to management.

Finding out what the employees think about the company is very important.

If the assistance of an outside research firm is considered, a .. must be used as a deciding factor.

Even on a limited basis, provides the management with an opportunity to act on difficulties before they become full-blown problems.

Can be used positively if management knows how to handle them.

When employees feel free to talk and they are assured of not being penalized for doing so, then management will be spared with lots of efforts determining the real causes of problems in the company.

When a specific problem or issue arises, it may be created and assigned to deal with the problem or issue.

Since membership of these consists of management and nonmanagement personnel, integration and teamwork are fostered, creativity is enhanced, and interpersonal skills are developed.

When employees leave an organization for any reason, it is to the advantage of management to know the real reason.

If there are negative developments in the organization that management is not aware of, these may provide some of the answers.

It refers to messages sent to individuals or groups from another of the same organizational level or position.

Among the techniques appropriate are: memos, meetings, telephones, picnics, dinners, and other social affairs.

An organized method of providing past, present, and projected information on internal making.

It is currently used by corporate firms consists of written and electronically based systems for sending reports, memos, bulletins, and the like.

This allows managers of the different departments within the firm to communicate with each other.

Management Information System: