Chap 6

71問 • 1年前

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A process of sharing information through symbols, including words and message.

Communication

May happen between superior and subordinate, between peers, between a manager and a client or customer, between an employee and a government representative, etc.

Communication

It may be done face-to-face, or through printed materials, or through an electronics device like the telephone, etc.

Communication

It must be made for a purpose and because it has a cost attached to it, it must be used effectively.

Communication

Information provided through communication may be used for decision-making at various work levels in the organization.

Information Function

Communication is also oftentimes used as a means to motivate employees to commit themselves to the organization's objectives.

Motivation Function

When properly communicated, reports, policies, and plans define roles, clarify duties, authorities and responsibilities.

Control Function

When feelings are repressed in the organization, employees are affected by anxiety, which, in turn, affects performance.

Emotive Function

Whatever types of emotions are involved, whether satisfaction, dissatisfaction, happiness, or bitterness, it provides a means to DECREASE the INTERNAL pressure affecting the individual.

Communication

The most important step in effective communication.

Developing an Idea

It is important that the idea to be conveyed must be useful or of some value.

Developing an Idea

The next step is to .. the idea into words, illustrations, figures, or other symbols suitable for transmission.

Encode

The method of transmission should be determined in advance so that the idea may be encoded to conform with the specific requirements of the identified method.

Encode

After encoding, the message is now ready for transmission through the use of an appropriate communication channel.

Transmit

Among the various channels used include the spoken word, body movements, the written word, television, telephone, radio, an artist's paint, electronic mail, etc.

Transmit

It is very important so the message sent will reach and hold the attention of the receiver.

Proper Transmission

To achieve this, the communication channel must be free of barriers, or interference (sometimes referred to as noise).

Proper Transmission

The next step in the communication process is the actual receiving of the message by the intended receiver.

Receive

Translating the message from the sender into a form that will have meaning to the recipient.

Decoding

Sometimes, acceptance (or rejection) is ..

Partial

The last step in the communication process.

Provide Feedback

Are those transmitted through hearing or sight.

Verbal Communications

Mostly involves hearing the words of the sender, although sometimes, opportunities are provided for seeing the sender's body movements, facial expression, gestures, and eye contact.

Oral Communication

Sometimes, feeling, smelling, tasting, and touching are involved.

Oral Communication

Where the sender seeks to communicate through the written word.

Written Communication

It is, sometimes, preferred over the oral communication because of time and cost constraints.

Written Communication

It is a means of conveying message through body language, as well as the use of time, space, touch, clothing, appearance, and aesthetic elements.

Nonverbal Communication

Consists of gestures, bodily movement, posture, facial expression, and mannerisms of all kinds.

Body Language

Convey many shades of meaning and it is to the advantage of the communicator to understand what messages are relayed.

Nonverbal Expressions

Are hindrances to effective communication arising from a communicator's characteristics as a person, such as emotions, values, poor listening habits, sex, age, race, socioeconomic status, religion, education, etc.

Personal Barriers

Cloud the communicator's ability to judge correctly the real meaning of messages received.

Emotions

These frustrate the communication efforts of a sender.

Poor Listening Habits of a Receiver

Refer to interferences to effective communication occurring in the environment where the communication is undertaken.

Physical Barriers

Include distances between people, walls, a noisy jukebox near a telephone, etc

Physical Barriers

A .. that is overloaded may also prevent important information to reach the intended user.

Communication Channel

Another physical barrier to communication is ..

Wrong Timing

It is the study of meaning as expressed in symbols.

Semantics

An interference with the reception of a message that occurs when the message is misunderstood even though it is received exactly as transmitted.

Semantic Barrier

It refers to message flows from higher levels of authority to lower levels.

Downward Communication

Among the techniques used are as follows: letters, meetings, telephones, manuals, handbooks, and newsletters.

Downward Communication

Are appropriate when directives are complex and precise actions are required.

Letters

When orders are simple but the result depends largely on employee morale, techniques that provide personal interchange are appropriate.

Meetings and Telephone

It has made it possible for people to hold meetings even if they are thousands of kilometers apart from each other.

Modern Technology

Are useful sources of information regarding company policy, procedures, and organization.

Manuals

Unlike using persons as sources of information, these are available whenever it is needed.

Manuals

It provides more specific information about the duties and priveleges of the individual worker.

Handbooks

It has the advantage of being available whenever needed.

Handbooks

It provides a mixture of personal, social, and work-related information.

Newsletters

Articles about new hirings, promotions, birthdays of employees, questions and answers about work related issues are presented.

Newsletters

It refers to messages from persons in lower-level positions to persons in higher positions.

Upward Communication

The messages sent usually provide information on work progress, problems encountered, suggestions for improving output, and personal feelings about work and non-work activities.

Upward Communication

Among the techniques used are: formal grievance procedures, employee attitude and opinion surveys, suggestion systems, open-door policy, informal gripe sessions, task forces, and exit interviews.

Upward Communication

Are part of a normally operating organization.

Grievances

To effectively deal with them, organizations provide a system for employees to air their ..

Grievances

Any employee's concern over a perceived violation of the labor agreement that is submitted to the procedure for eventual resolution.

Grievance

Represents an open, upward communication channel whereby employees can offer suggestions to management.

Grievance

Finding out what the employees think about the company is very important.

Employee Attitude and Opinion Surveys

If the assistance of an outside research firm is considered, a .. must be used as a deciding factor.

Benefit-Cost Analysis

Even on a limited basis, provides the management with an opportunity to act on difficulties before they become full-blown problems.

Open-Door Policy

Can be used positively if management knows how to handle them.

Informal Gripe Sessions

When employees feel free to talk and they are assured of not being penalized for doing so, then management will be spared with lots of efforts determining the real causes of problems in the company.

Informal Gripe Sessions

When a specific problem or issue arises, it may be created and assigned to deal with the problem or issue.

Task Forces

Since membership of these consists of management and nonmanagement personnel, integration and teamwork are fostered, creativity is enhanced, and interpersonal skills are developed.

Task Forces

When employees leave an organization for any reason, it is to the advantage of management to know the real reason.

Exit Interviews

If there are negative developments in the organization that management is not aware of, these may provide some of the answers.

Exit Interviews

It refers to messages sent to individuals or groups from another of the same organizational level or position.

Horizontal Communication

Among the techniques appropriate are: memos, meetings, telephones, picnics, dinners, and other social affairs.

Horizontal Communication

An organized method of providing past, present, and projected information on internal making.

Management Information System (MIS)

It is currently used by corporate firms consists of written and electronically based systems for sending reports, memos, bulletins, and the like.

Management Information System

This allows managers of the different departments within the firm to communicate with each other.

Management Information System

Management Information System:

Manufacturing, Finance, Engineering, Marketing, Personnel, Research and Development

Enumeration

Sabrina Mikhaela Canindo · 42問 · 1年前

Enumeration