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It is the study of the Earth, including geological agents, processes, and the identification of rocks and minerals.

Geology

It focuses on adapting knowledge to local conditions, such as those in the Philippines, and understanding the structural relationships of Earth's formations and stratification in engineering contexts.

Geology

Etymology of Geology:

Geo: Earth, Logus: Study or Speech

Is recognized as the father of modern geology.

James Hutton

Importance of Geology in Civil Engineering:

Construction Materials, Natural Agencies, Groundwater, Foundations, Rock Stability, Planning and Design

Play a key role in systematically exploring and investigating new sites to ensure safe and effective construction.

Civil Engineers

Stages of Systematic Site Exploration:

Preliminary Investigation, Detailed Geological Survey, Geophysical Surveys, Boring, Drilling, and Excavation, Soil and Rock Testing

Some Main Branches Geology:

Physical Geology, Mineralogy, Paleontology, Stratigraphy, Hydrogeology, Environmental Geology

The Earth is an ___, meaning it is slightly flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator.

Oblate Spheroid

It includes the study of natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, and flooding.

Environmental Geology

Focuses on the ways in which geological processes and materials affect the environment and human activities.

Environmental Geology

It is the study of the Earth's water cycle and the movement and distribution of water on the surface and underground.

Hydrogeology

It is the study of layers of rock and sediment and the ways in which they are formed and preserved.

Stratigraphy

It is the study of fossils and the history of life on Earth.

Paleontology

Focuses on the study of minerals, including their chemical and physical properties, their occurrence and distribution, and their uses.

Mineralogy

It includes the study of plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes, and other geological phenomena.

Physical Geology

Focuses on the physical properties and processes that shape the Earth's surface and interior.

Physical Geology

The feature farthest from Earth's center is. in Ecuador.

Mount Chimborazo

Local deviations: • Highest point: ___ • Deepest point: ___

Mount Everest, Mariana Trench

Earth Layers:

Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core

The earth's outermost layer, comparable to the skin of an apple.

Crust

Accounts for only 1% of Earth's volume.

Crust

It is the thinnest layer.

Crust

Composed mostly of basalt (denser).

Oceanic Crust

Composed mostly of granite (less dense).

Continental Crust

Rocky surface (~solid crust).

Lithosphere

Water bodies (e.g., oceans, lakes, rivers).

Hydrosphere

All forms of life on Earth.

Biosphere

Located below the crust and makes up 84% of Earth's volume, making it the largest layer.

Mantle

Two sections of Mantle:

Upper Mantle, Lower Mantle

Is liquid. Composed primarily of iron and nickel, making it very dense.

Outer Core

A hot, dense ball of mostly iron.

Inner Core

Behaves like a plasma acting as a solid.

Inner Core

Main Parts of the Earth:

Atmosphere, Solid Earth

Extends up to 150 km above Earth's surface.

Atmosphere

Extends from the surface to Earth's core.

Solid Earth

Divisions of Earth's Atmosphere:

Troposphere, Ozone Layer, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere

Contains weather systems.

Troposphere

Absorbs harmful UV radiation.

Ozone Layer

Stable layer ideal for jet travel.

Stratosphere

Coldest layer of the atmosphere.

Mesosphere

Contains ionized gases and auroras.

Thermosphere

Parts of Solid Earth:

Biosphere, Hydrosphere, Internal Structure

Includes all living organisms and their products, both on land and in the sea.

Biosphere

Composed of fresh and saltwater, including ice and snow.

Hydrosphere

Earth's Internal Structure:

Crust, Mantle, Inner Core, Outer Core

Is the theory that continents shift position on Earth's surface over time.

Continental Drift

A German meteorologist and astronomer who theorized that the continents once formed a single landmass called PANGAEA, which later split apart.

Alfred Wegener (1912)

Pangaea's two parts:

Laurasia, Gondwanaland

Northern section.

Laurasia

Southern section.

Gondwanaland

Evidence Supporting Continental Drift:

Puzzle Pieces, Fossil Evidence, Rock Evidence, Glacier Evidence, Climate Evidence

The theory explains the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates and how this relates to the Earth's surface processes, including earthquakes and volcanoes.

Plate Tectonics

Layers Involved in Earth's Outer Layer:

Lithosphere, Asthenosphere

Earth's rigid, brittle outer layer (crust + upper mantle). Fractures to create earthquakes.

Lithosphere

Hotter, upper mantle layer that flows like putty.

Asthenosphere

Types of Plate Boundaries:

Divergent Boundaries, Convergent Boundaries, Transform Boundaries

Plates move apart, and new crust forms from rising magma.

Divergent Boundaries

Plates collide; one subducts beneath the other.

Convergent Boundaries

Plates slide horizontally past each other.

Transform Boundaries

Deepest earthquakes are caused by one plate being forced below another.

Subduction Zones

Are natural activities that shape and modify the Earth's surface. These processes can be: • __ - breaking down landscapes. • __ - building new landforms.

Earth Processes, Destructive, Constructive

Divisions of Geological Processes:

Exogenous Processes, Endogenous Processes

Occur on or near the Earth's surface and are driven by external forces like wind, water, gravity, and organisms.

Exogenous Processes

Occur within or beneath the Earth's surface, driven by heat and energy from the Earth's mantle.

Endogenous Processes

Examples of Exogenous Processes:

Weathering, Erosion, Deposition

Types of Weathering:

Mechanical (Physical), Chemical, Biological

Examples of Endogenous Processes:

Volcanism, Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes, Mountain Building, Glacial Activity

The breakdown of rocks and minerals near or on the Earth’s surface.

Weathering

Rocks break into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition.

Mechanical (Physical) Weathering

Water enters cracks, freezes, and expands, breaking the rock.

Frost Wedging

Repeated heating and cooling cause rocks to crack.

Thermal Expansion

Rocks undergo chemical changes due to water and reactions like oxidation or carbonation.

Chemical Weathering

Rusting of ironrich rocks.

Oxidation

Reaction of carbon dioxide in rainwater with rocks like limestone, forming caves.

Carbonation

Caused by living organisms like plants and microbes.

Biological Weathering

The movement of soil, rock, and other materials by wind, water, ice, or gravity.

Erosion

The settling or laying down of eroded materials in new locations.

Deposition

The eruption of molten rock (magma) from the Earth's interior.

Volcanism

Movement of Earth’s crustal plates due to mantle convection.

Plate Tectonics

Sudden release of energy along faults or tectonic plate boundaries, causing ground shaking.

Earthquakes

Uplift and collision of tectonic plates form mountain ranges.

Mountain Building

Movement of glaciers reshaping landscapes.

Glacial Activity

The point inside the Earth where the earthquake originates.

Hypocenter

The point on the Earth's surface directly above the hypocenter.

Epicenter

A measure of the energy released at the earthquake’s source, represented by __.

Magnitude, Arabic Numbers

Is used to determine the strength of an earthquake.

Seismograph

A measure of the earthquake's effects on people, buildings, and the Earth's surface, represented by __.

Intensity, Roman Numerals

Enumeration

Sabrina Mikhaela Canindo · 42問 · 1年前

Enumeration