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66問 • 1年前

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Is the study of minerals.

Mineralogy

Is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals.

Mineralogy

Mineralogy 3 parts:

Crystallography, Chemical Mineralogy, Physical Mineralogy

The study of internal and external geometry of crystals.

Crystallography

The study of chemical structure and properties of mineral.

Chemical Mineralogy

The study of physical properties of mineral.

Physical Mineralogy

Minerals are broadly grouped into:

Rock Forming Minerals, Ore-Forming Minerals

Seven Unique Crystal Systems:

Cubic System, Hexagonal System, Tetragonal System, Rhombohedral System, Orthorhombic System, Monoclinic System, Triclinic System

Is understood as a sort of regularity in the arrangement of faces on the body of a crystal.

Symmetry

Elements of Symmetry:

Plane of Symmetry, Axis of Symmetry, Center of Symmetry

Any imaginary plane passing through the center of a crystal in such a way that it divides the crystal in two exactly similar halves.

Plane of Symmetry

An imaginary line in a crystal passing through its center in such a way that when a crystal is given a complete rotation along this line, a certain crystal face comes to occupy the same position at least twice.

Axis of Symmetry

4 Types of Axes of Symmetry:

Two-Fold (Diad) Symmetry, Three-Fold (Triad) Symmetry, Four-Fold (Tetrad) Symmetry, Six-Fold (Hexad) Symmetry

An imaginary line from some definite face, edge or corner on one side of the crystal through its center another exactly similar face or edge or corner is found on the other side at an equal distance from the center.

Center of Symmetry

Physical Properties of Minerals:

Tenacity, Hardness, Cleavage, Fracture, Streak, Luster, Color, Specific Gravity, Crystal Form

Describes the behavior of a mineral under deformation.

Tenacity

Breaks or powders easily.

Brittle

Can be hammered into thin sheets.

Malleable

Can be cut into thin shavings with a knife.

Sectile

Bends easily and does not return to its original shape.

Ductile

Bends somewhat and does not return to its original shape.

Flexible

Bends but does return to its original shape.

Elastic

It is traditionally defined as the level of difficulty with which a smooth surface of a mineral specimen may be scratched. Determined based on ___.

Hardness, Mohs Hardness Scale

Is a plane of structural weakness along which a mineral is likely to split smoothly.

Cleavage

Refers to the splitting of a crystal between two parallel atomic planes.

Cleavage

If the mineral contains no planes of weakness, it will break along random directions.

Fracture

Different kinds of fracture patterns:

Conchoidal Fracture, Fibrous and Splintery, Hackly, Uneven or Irregular

Breaks along smooth curved surfaces.

Conchoidal Fracture

Similar to the way wood breaks.

Fibrous and Splintery

Jagged fractures with sharp edges.

Hackly

Rough irregular surfaces.

Uneven or Irregular

It is the color produced by a fine powder of the mineral when scratched on a streak plate. Often it is different than the color of the mineral in non-powdered form.

Streak

It refers to the general appearance of a mineral surface to reflected light.

Luster

Two general types of lusters:

Metallic, Non-Metallic

Looks shiny like a metal. Usually opaque and gives black or dark colored streak.

Metallic

Non-metallic lusters:

Vitreous, Resinous, Pearly, Greasy, Silky, Adamantine

Looks glassy.

Vitreous

Appears to be covered with a thin layer of oil.

Greasy

Looks fibrous.

Silky

A brilliant luster like diamond.

Adamantine

Is sometimes an extremely diagnostic property of a mineral.

Color

Is a comparison or ratio of the weight of the mineral to the weight of an equal amount of water.

Specific Gravity

The internal atomic arrangement of a mineral is manifested outwardly by development of geometric shapes or crystal characters.

Crystal Form

Any mineral that forms igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks and that typically, or solely, forms as an intimate part of rock-making processes.

Rock-Forming Mineral

Are assemblies of minerals.

Rocks

All the minerals constituting the rocks can be classified into two main types:

Essential Minerals, Accessory Minerals

These are the minerals which form more than 50% of the rocks.

Essential Minerals

These minerals occur in limited quantities as small crystals.

Accessory Minerals

Are crystalline solid substances, meaning the atoms making up a mineral are arranged in an ordered, three-dimensional, structure.

Minerals

Ways Minerals can form from:

Volcanic Gases, Sediment Formation, Oxidation, Crystallization from Magma, Deposition from a Saline Fluid

Formation of Minerals:

Formation from Hot Material, Formation from Solutions, Minerals from Salt Water, Minerals from Hot Underground Water, Other Ways:, - Precipitation from Aqueous Solution, - Precipitation from Gaseous Emanations, - Metamorphism, - Weathering, - Organic Formation

Formation of new minerals directly from the elements within existing minerals under conditions of elevated temperature and pressure.

Metamorphism

During which minerals unstable at Earth's surface may be altered to other minerals.

Weathering

Formation of minerals within shells (primarily calcite) and teeth and bones (primarily apatite) by organisms.

Organic Formation

Deep seated processes in the interior of the earth.

Endogenetic (Hypogene)

Surface processes at or near the earth's surface as well as in the atmosphere and hydrosphere.

Exogenetic (Hypergene)

Factors influencing the kinds of minerals that form in geologic environments where mineral formation occurs:

Temperature, Pressure, The chemical activity of water present, The mobility and relative abundance of chemical element

Two Fundamental Properties of Minerals:

Crystal Structure, Crystal Composition

The geometric arrangement of the ions (atoms) composing the minerals.

Crystal Structure

The proportions of different chemical elements contained.

Chemical Composition

It is one of the fuels used to cook food. Earlier, it was used in railway engines to produce steam to run the engine. It is also used in thermal power plants to produce electricity.

Coal

As coal contains mainly carbon, the slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called __. Since it was formed from the remains of vegetation, coal is also called a __.

Carbonization, Fossil Fuel

It is a tough, porous and black substance. It is an almost pure form of carbon. It is used in the manufacture of steel and in the extraction of many metals.

Coke

It is a black, thick liquid with an unpleasant smell.

Coal Tar

Petrol and diesel are obtained from a natural resource called __.

Petroleum

The word petroleum is derived from __ (__) and __ (__) as it is mined from between the rocks under Earth.

Petra (Rock), Oleum (Oil)

Enumeration

Sabrina Mikhaela Canindo · 42問 · 1年前

Enumeration