Chapter 1

125問 • 1年前

Sabrina Mikhaela Canindo

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The study of nature and the facts about environment.

Environmental Science

All the social, economical, physical and chemical factors that surrounds man.

Environment

All abiotic and biotic components around man; all living and non-living things surrounds man.

Environment

A threat to life, health, property, or ecosystems, i.e., it involves something that could potentially be harmful.

Hazard

Combustion of Fossil fuels, industrial effluence, pesticides heavy metals.

Chemical Hazards

Radioactive and UV radiations, Global warming, Chlorofluro carbons, Noise etc.

Physical Hazards

Bacteria, Viruses, Parasites

Biological Hazards

A natural functional ecological unit comprising of living organisms and their non-living environment that interact to form a stable self-supporting system.

Ecosystem

A community or group of living organisms that live in and interact with each in a specific environment.

Ecosystem

Include the living beings of the ecosystem.

Biotic

Include the non-living physical beings.

Abiotic

Branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical environment.

Ecology

Study of the distribution and abundance of organisms, the flows of energy and materials between abiotic and biotic components of ecosystem.

Ecology

How the organisms respond to the atmosphere, topography, soil, and climate and water availability.

Ecology

Make food, plants, algae.

Producer

Eat other organisms.

Consumer

Eat dead organic matter; bacteria and fungi.

Decomposer

Eats plants.

Herbivores

Meat eaters: eat herbivores.

Carnivores

Feed on carnivores.

Tertiary

Eat plants/animals.

Omnivores

The first step in the production of energy for living things.

Primary Production

Chemical reaction where green plants use water and carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucose.

Photosynthesis

Is stored in glucose.

Energy

Is stored as starch in plants.

Glucose

The transfer of energy and nutrients through a series of organisms with repeated process of eating and being eaten.

Food Chain

Plants by photosynthesis convert solar energy into __.

Protoplasm

Interlocking pattern of several interlinked food chains.

Food Web

An ecosystem linking of feeding habit relations.

Food Web

A graphical representation that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each tropic level in a food chain or a food web.

Ecological Pyramid

Shows the relationship between consumers and producers at different tropic levels in an ecosystem.

Ecological Pyramid

Shows the relative number of individual organisms at each tropic level.

Pyramid of Numbers

Represents the total dry mass (in grams per square meter of area) of all the organisms in each tropic level at a particular time.

Pyramid of Biomass

Represents rate of energy flow and/or productivity at successive tropic levels. They are always UPRIGHT.

Pyramid of Energy

Is crucial for all organisms o Nucleic acids o Proteins o Chlorophyll.

Nitrogen

78% in Atmosphere.

Nitrogen

Is very stable and must be broken apart by organisms, combined with other atoms into a usable form.

Nitrogen

Conversion of N2 to NH3.

Nitrogen Fixation

Combustion, volcanic action, Lightning, Industrial processes (making fertilizer). Bacteria (Azotobactor, Clostridium, Nostoc etc.)

Nitrogen Fixation

Conversion of NH3 to NO3.

Nitrification

Soil bacteria convert in a two step process.

Nitrification

Roots absorb NH3, NH4, or NO3 and incorporate them into nucleic acids and protein.

Assimilation

Amino acids and nucleotides are broken down into waste products NH3 or NH4.

Ammonification

The reduction of NO3 to N2. --ing bacteria return some of the nitrogen to the atmosphere.

Denitrification

The circulation of oxygen in various forms through nature free in the air and dissolved in water.

Oxygen Cycle

Is second only to nitrogen in abundance among uncombined elements in the atmosphere.

Oxygen

Photosynthesis removes __ from the abiotic environment (fixes it into organic molecules).

Carbon

It moves through food chain through consumption of one organisms by another.

Carbon

The only cycle that does not have a gaseous state.

Phosphorous Cycle

Is released from rocks and sediments through the action of erosion.

Inorganic Phosphate PO34

Is absorbed by plants and incorporated into nucleic acids, phospholipids and ATP.

Soil PO34

Is released to the soil again by decomposers.

Phosphorous

A change in the community in which new populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones.

Ecological Succession

Occurs where there is no soil, e.g. after a volcanic eruption or a glacial retreat.

Primary Succession

Community development in the areas that were previously occupied by another community.

Secondary Succession

It occurs after a disturbance. E.g., loss of trees after disease, fire or wind, deforestation etc.

Secondary Succession

Is an area with a high density of trees.

Forest

World's total land area is __ million hectares - (Source: FAO; 1989) of which total forests account for about __% of the world's land area.

13,076, 31

Are of great concern from the environmental point of view.

Forest Ecosystems

These are Herbivores which feed directly on producers.

Primary Consumers

These are carnivores and feed on primary consumers.

Secondary Consumers

These are secondary carnivores and feed on secondary consumers.

Tertiary Consumers

These include wide variety of saprotrophic micro-organism.

Decomposers

These include basic inorganic & organic compounds present in the soil & atmosphere.

Abiotic Components

Are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants.

Grasslands

Occupy about 24% of the earth's surface.

Grasslands

Occur in regions too dry for forests and too moist for deserts.

Grasslands

The highest abundance & greatest diversity of large mammals are found in these ecosystems.

Grasslands

A landscape or region that receives almost no precipitation.

Desert

Areas with an average annual precipitation of less than 250 millimeters per year.

Deserts

It occupies about 17% of the earth's surface.

Desert

Are characterized by hot days & cold nights.

Deserts

Are characterized by scanty flora & fauna.

Deserts

Soils of this ecosystem often have abundant nutrients but little or no organic matter.

Desert

Deals with biotic community present in water bodies.

Aquatic Ecosystem

Freshwater ecosystems cover __% of the Earth's surface and contain __% of its total water.

0.8, 0.009

Freshwater ecosystems contain __% of the world's known fish species.

Slow-moving water, including Pools, Ponds, and Lakes.

Lentic

Rapidly-moving water, for example Streams and Rivers.

Lotic

Areas where the soil is saturated with water or inundated for at least part of the time.

Wetlands

A place where living organisms not only live but interact with biotic & abiotic components.

Pond

Are often exposed to tremendous anthropogenic pressure which significantly affects the system.

Ponds

Are usually big standing freshwater bodies.

Lakes

A shallow water zone.

Littoral Zone

An open water zone where effective penetration of solar light takes place.

Limnetic Zone

A deep water zone where light penetration is negligible.

Profoundal Zone

Are among the Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include: Oceans, Estuaries and Lagoons, Mangroves and Coral reefs, the Deep sea and the Sea floor.

Marine Ecosystems

These are the gigantic reservoirs of water covering approximately __% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers).

Marine Ecosystems, 71

These ecosystems are different from freshwater ecosystem mainly because of its salty water.

Marine

Is the variety and differences among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part.

Biodiversity

It is a level of biodiversity that refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species.

Genetic Diversity

It refers to the variety of species within a region.

Species Diversity

Is an index that incorporates the number of species in an area and also their relative abundance.

Species Diversity

Many plants are used in primary health care.

Drugs

__% of modern medicines are derived from plant and plant extracts.

Fungus is the source.

Penicillin, Antibiotic

Chincona bark.

Quinine, Malaria Treatment

Poppy bark.

Morphine, Analgesic

Fire woods are directly consumed by villagers.

Fuels

100

A large number of wild plants and wild animals are consumed by human beings as food.

Food

M#4 Proteins

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M#4 Proteins