Chap 1,2

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Functions of the Engineer: tools, equipment, and projects

Stone Axe and Irrigation System - 6000 to 3000 BC, Pyramid of Egypt - 3000 to 600 BC, Roadbuilding by Romans - 600 BC to 400 AD, Paper and Gunpowder - 100 to 1600 AD, Steam engine and Spinning and Weaving Machinery - 1601 AD to 1799, Cars and Household Appliances - Modern Times

AREAS OF ENGINEERING

Research, Design and Development, Testing, Manufacturing, Construction, Sales, Consulting, Government, Teaching, Management

– where the engineer is engaged in the process of learning about nature and codifying this knowledge into usable theories.

Research

– where the engineer undertakes the activity of turning a product concept to a finished physical item.

Design and Development

– where the engineer works in a unit where new products or parts are tested for work-ability.

Testing

– where the engineer is directly in charge of production personnel or assumes responsibility for the product.

Manufacturing

– where the construction engineer (a civil engineer) is either directly in charge of the construction personnel or may have responsibility for the quality of the construction process.

Construction

– where the engineer assists the company's customers to meet their needs, especially those that require technical expertise.

Sales

– where the engineer works as consultant of any individual or organization requiring his services.

Consulting

– where the engineer may find employment in the government performing any of the various tasks in regulating, monitoring, and controlling the activities of various institutions, public or private.

Government

– where the engineer gets employment in a school and is assigned as a teacher of engineering courses. Some of them later become deans, vice presidents, and presidents.

Teaching

– where the engineer is assigned to manage groups of people performing specific tasks.

Management

THE ENGINEER IN VARIOUS TYPES OF ORGANIZATION

Level One, Level Two, Level Three

Those with minimal engineering jobs like retailing firms.

Level One

Slim chance of becoming the general manager or president.

Level One

May be assigned to head a small engineering unit of the firm.

Level One

Those with a moderate degree of engineering jobs like transportation companies.

Level Two

May be assigned to head the engineering division.

Level Two

Those with a high degree of engineering jobs like construction firms.

Level Three

Provide the biggest opportunity for an engineer to become the president or general manager.

Level Three

refers to the activity combining “technical knowledge with the ability to organize and coordinate worker power, materials, machinery, and money.

Engineering Management

His main responsibility is to lead his group into producing a certain output consistent with the required specifications.

Engineering Manager

The __ an engineer manager may hope to occupy is the general managership or presidency of any firm, large or small.

Top Position

As he scales the management ladder, he finds that the __ he goes up, the less __ he performs, and the more __ he accepts.

Higher, Technical Activities, Management Tasks

May be defined as the “creative problem solving-process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling an organization’s resources to achieve its mission and objectives.”

Management

A process consisting of planning, organizing, directing (or leading), and controlling.

Management

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ENGINEER MANAGER’S JOB

Bachelor's degree in engineering, Few years experience, Training in supervision, Special training in engineering management

HOW ONE MAY BECOME A SUCCESSFUL ENGINEER MANAGER

Ability, Motivation to Manage, Opportunity

Refers to the capacity of an engineer manager to achieve organizational objectives effectively and efficiently.

Ability

According to __:  Effectiveness refers to a description of whether objectives are accomplished.  Efficiency is a description of the relative amount of resources used in obtaining effectiveness.

Higgins

Refers to a description of whether objectives are accomplished.

Effectiveness

A description of the relative amount of resources used in obtaining effectiveness.

Efficiency

He developed a psychometric instrument to measure objectively an individual’s motivation to manage.

John B. Miner

Motivation to Manage Test is anchored to the following dimensions:

Favorable attitude toward those in positions of authority, Desire to engage in games or sports competition with peers, Desire to engage in occupational or work-related competition with peers, Desire to assert oneself and take charge, Desire to exercise power and authority over others, Desire to behave in a distinctive way, Sense of responsibility

The opportunity for successful management has two requirements:

Obtaining a suitable managerial job, Finding a supportive climate once on the job

Characterized by the recognition of managerial talent through financial and nonfinancial rewards.

Supportive Climate

The process of identifying and choosing alternative courses of action in a manner appropriate to the demands of the situation.

Decision-making

The heart of all the management functions.

Decision-making, Nickels

Rational decision-making, according to __, is a process involving the following steps

David H. Holt, Diagnose Problem, Analyze Environment, Articulate Problem or Opportunity, Develop Viable Alternatives, Evaluate Alternatives, Make a Choice, Implement Decision, Evaluate and Adapt Decision Results

Is tantamount to having the problem half-solved.

Identification of the Problem

Exists when there is a difference between an actual situation and a desired situation.

Problem

Is the identification of constraints, which may be spelled out as either internal or external limitations.

Environmental Analysis

Example of internal limitations:

Limited funds, Limited training, Ill-designed facilities

Examples of external limitations:

Patents are controlled by other organizations, Limited Market, Strict enforcement of local zoning regulations

Components of the Environment:

Internal, External

Refers to organizational activities within a firm that surrounds decision-making.

Internal Environment

Refers to variables that are outside the organization and not typically within the short-run control of top management.

External Environment

Develop viable alternatives:

Prepare a list of alternative solutions, Determine the viability of each solutions, Revise the list

INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT:

Organizational Aspects, Marketing Aspects, Personnel Aspects, Production Aspects, Financial Aspects

like org, structure, policies, procedures, rules, ability of management, etc.

Organizational Aspects

like product strategy, promotion strategy, etc.

Marketing Aspects

like recruitment practices, incentive systems, etc.

Personnel Aspects

like plant facility layout, inventory control, etc.

Production Aspects

like liquidity, profitability, etc.

Financial Aspects

EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT:

Government, Engineers, Labor Unions, Clients, Suppliers, Competitors, Banks, Public

Makes choosing the right solution less difficult.

Proper Evaluation

How the alternatives will be evaluated will depend on:

Nature of the problem, Objectives of the firm, Nature of alternatives presented

Suggests that each alternative must be analyzed and evaluated in terms of its __.

Souder, Value, Cost, and Risk Characteristics

Refers to benefits that can be expected.

Value of the Alternatives

Refers to out-of-pocket costs, opportunity costs, and follow-on costs.

Cost of the Alternative

Refer to the likelihood of achieving the goals of the alternatives.

Risk Characteristics

Refers to the process of selecting among alternatives representing potential solutions to a problem.

Choice-making

Advises that particular effort should be made to identify all significant consequences of each choice.

Webber

Refers to carrying out the decision so that the objectives sought will be achieved.

Implementation

Use control and feedback mechanisms to ensure results and to provide information for future decisions.

Evaluate and Adapt Decision Results

Refers to the process which requires checking at each stage of the process to assure that the alternatives generated, the criteria used in evaluation, and the solution selected for implementation are in keeping with the goals and objectives originally specified.

Feedback

Refers to actions made to ensure that activities performed match the desired activities or goals, that have been set.

Control

APPROACHES IN SOLVING PROBLEMS:

Qualitative Evaluation, Quantitative Evaluation

Refers to evaluation of alternatives using intuition and subjective judgment.

Qualitative Evaluation

Refers to the evaluation of alternatives using any technique in a group classified as rational and analytical.

Quantitative Evaluation

QUANTITATIVE MODELS FOR DECISION MAKING:

Inventory Models, Queuing Theory, Network Models, Forecasting, Regression Analysis, Simulation, Linear Programming, Sampling Theory, Statistical Decision Theory

INVENTORY MODELS:

Economic Order Quantity Model, Production Order Quantity Model, Back Order Inventory Model, Quantity Discount Model

Used to calculate the number of items that should be ordered at one time to minimize the total yearly cost of placing orders and carrying the items in inventory.

Economic Order Quantity Model

An economic order quantiy technique applied to production orders.

Production Order Quantity Model

Used for planned shortages.

Back Order Inventory Model

Used to minimize the total cost when quantity discounts are offered by suppliers.

Quantity Discount Model

Describes how to determine the number of service units that will minimize both customer waiting time and cost of service.

Queuing Theory

Are models where large complex tasks are broken into smaller segments that can be managed independently.

Network Models

The two most prominent network models are:

Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT), Critical Path Method (CPM)

A technique which enables engineer managers to schedule, monitor, and control large and complex projects by employing three time estimates for each activity.

PERT

A network technique using only one time factor per activity that enables engineer managers to schedule, monitor, and control large and complex projects.

CPM

The collection of past and current information to make predictions about the future.

Forecasting

A forecasting method that examines the association between two or more variables.

Regression Model

May be simple or multiple depending on the number of independent variables present.

Regression Analysis

One independent variable is involved.

Simple Regression

Two or more independent variables are involved.

Multiple Regression

A model constructed to represent reality, on which conclusions about real-life problems can be used.

Simulation

A highly sophisticated tool by means of which the decision maker develops a mathematical model of the system under consideration.

Simulation

Does not guarantee an optimum solution, but it can evaluate the alternatives fed into the process by the decision-maker.

Simulation

A quantitative technique that is used to produce an optimum solution within the bounds imposed by constraints upon the decision.

Linear Programming

Very useful as a decision-making tool when supply and demand limitations at plants, warehouse, or market areas are constraints upon the system.

Linear Programming

A quantitative technique where samples of populations are statistically determined to be used for a number of processes, such as quality control and marketing research.

Sampling Theory

Saves time and money.

Sampling

Refers to the rational way to conceptualize, analyze, and solve problems in situations involving limited, or partial information about the decision environment.

Decision Theory

To revise and update the initial assessments of the event probabilities generated by the alternative solutions.

Bayesian Analysis

When the decision-maker is able to assign probabilities to the various events, the use of probabilistic decision rule, called the __, becomes possible

Bayes Criterion

Selects the decision alternative having the maximum expected payoff, or the minimum expected loss if he is working with a loss table.

Bayes Criterion

examen Alexandru

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examen Alexandru