Q1

Sabrina Mikhaela Canindo · 42問 · 1年前

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Is the entire group of individuals or items in a study.

Population

A list (or comparable form of identification) of all members of a population.

Frame

Is the part of a population that is actually studied.

Sample

A sample is collected and studied to gain information about a population.

Sample Survey

The population to which we intend to apply the results of the study.

Target Population

The population from which the data is collected.

Sampled Population

Plays a vital role in the selection of samples that represent the population and hence produce good approximations.

Randomization

Virtually any sampling scheme that depends upon subjective judgments rather than randomization as to who (or which item) should be included in the sample will suffer from this.

Judgmental Bias

Forms the probabilistic basis for statistical inference.

Randomization

Means complete enumeration.

Census

It is a process of collecting information from every unit in the target population.

Census

Is a planned activity designed to compare “treatments.”

Experiment

Is a data collection activity in which the experimenter merely plays the role of an observer.

Observational Study

The questions or measuring devices we use to obtain the data.

Method of Measurement

The method of measurement should be designed to produce the most accurate data possible and should be free of this.

Measurement Bias

Occurs when variables are measured incorrectly.

Measurement Bias

Is the reason we refrain from asking leading questions in a poll and always check the zero on the scale before weighing anything in a laboratory.

Measurement Bias

This approach uses no probability and is entirely based on the judgment of the person selecting the sample.

Judgmental Sampling

Instead of using his expertise to select spots for getting soil samples, suppose an engineer takes soil samples from the easily accessible areas.

Sample of Convenience

It is up to individuals to decide whether they want to be part of the survey.

Volunteer Sampling

A __ is __ if it tends to give samples in which some characteristic of the population is underrepresented or overrepresented.

Sampling Method, Biased

These result in values that are systematically different from the population values, or systematically favor certain outcomes, resulting in systematic overestimation or underestimation.

Biased Sampling Methods

Is a process of obtaining a sample from a population in which each sample of size n has an equal chance of being selected.

Simple Random Sampling

The frame is divided into consecutive segments, a random starting point is selected from the first segment, and then a sample is taken from the same point in each segment.

Systematic Sampling

Some populations can be divided into groups.

Strata

Are homogeneous groups of population units.

Strata

If a population is divided into homogeneous strata and a simple random sample is selected from each stratum.

Stratified Random Sample

Such a bias that occurs due to the behavior of the interviewer or respondent.

Response Bias

May occur if the person selected for the interview cannot be contacted or refuses to answer.

Nonresponse Bias

May occur if part of the population is left out of the selection process.

Undercoverage Bias

May occur if confusing or leading questions are asked.

Wording Effect Bias

Is the outcome of interest to be measured in an experiment.

Response Variable

This is sometimes called the dependent variable.

Response Variable

Is a variable that attempts to explain differences among responses.

Explanatory Variable

This is sometimes called an independent variable.

Explanatory Variable

Is the smallest unit (person, animal, building, item, etc.) to which a treatment is applied.

Experimental Unit

Is a variable whose effect on the response is of interest in the experiment.

Factor

Are the values of a factor used in the experiment.

Levels

Are the factor-level combinations used in the experiment.

Treatments

Is a variable whose effect on the response cannot be separated from the effect of the treatments.

Confounding Variable

Is used to balance the effects of factors you cannot easily control.

Technique of Randomization

Is used to control the effects of factors that you can control easily.

Technique of Blocking

Is a group of homogeneous (similar in characteristics) experimental units.

Block

Is said to be present when one factor produces a different pattern of responses at one level of a second factor than it does at another level.

Interaction Effect

Is the number of times a treatment appears in an experiment, or the number of experimental units to which each treatment is applied in an experiment.

Replication

If all treatments are replicated exactly the same number of times in the experiment.

Balanced Design

The differences among the average (mean) productivity of workers assigned to the four treatments may be a result of differences among these four treatments.

Between-Treatment Variation

The differences among the productivities of workers assigned to the same treatment measure.

Within-Treatment Variation

A protocol that describes exactly how the experiment is to be done.

Design of an Experiment

Treatments are assigned randomly to the experimental units, or experimental units are randomly assigned among the treatments.

Completely Randomized Design

All experimental units are grouped by certain characteristics to form homogeneous blocks, and a completely randomized design is applied within each block.

Randomized Block Design

If there are only two treatments to be compared in each block.

Paired Comparison Design

Data collected in the past are used.

Retrospective Studies

An experimenter plans data collection for future studies.

Prospective Studies

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(2)

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ttr

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g ycu

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8,9

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enu

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midterm

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