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48問 • 1年前

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It is the study of the Earth, including geological agents, processes, and the identification of rocks and minerals.

Geology

It focuses on adapting knowledge to local conditions, such as those in the Philippines, and understanding the structural relationships of Earth's formations and stratification in engineering contexts.

Geology

Etymology of Geology:

Geo: Earth, Logus: Study or Speech

Is recognized as the father of modern geology.

James Hutton

Importance of Geology in Civil Engineering:

Construction Materials, Natural Agencies, Groundwater, Foundations, Rock Stability, Planning and Design

Geology helps in understanding the occurrence, composition, durability, and properties of construction materials like building stones, sandstone, clay, limestone, and laterite.

Construction Materials

Knowledge of geological processes (erosion, transportation, deposition) caused by water, wind, ice, and earthquakes aids in planning and executing major civil engineering projects, such as river control and soil conservation.

Natural Agencies

Understanding (its depth and quantity) is essential for water supply, irrigation, excavation, and other civil engineering works.

Groundwater

Design for structures like dams, bridges, and buildings relies heavily on the geology of the area.

Foundations

It is often conducted to assess ground conditions, and geology helps interpret this data.

Drilling

Geology is critical for tunneling, constructing roads, canals, and docks, and determining the stability of slopes and cuts.

Rock Stability

Detailed geological reports with maps and sections are prepared before starting major engineering projects.

Planning and Design

These reports guide planning and construction.

Planning and Design

Play a key role in systematically exploring and investigating new sites to ensure safe and effective construction.

Civil Engineers

Stages of Systematic Site Exploration:

Preliminary Investigation, Detailed Geological Survey, Geophysical Surveys, Boring, Drilling, and Excavation, Soil and Rock Testing

Use existing published data and information to gain an initial understanding of the site.

Preliminary Investigation

Conduct detailed surveys of the site, potentially including photogeology (using aerial photographs for analysis)

Detailed Geological Survey

Apply geophysical methods to study subsurface geology and detect structural variations.

Geophysical Surveys

Perform these activities to confirm findings from previous surveys and obtain quantitative details.

Boring, Drilling, and Excavation

Test soil and rock samples (or conduct in-situ testing) to evaluate their mechanical properties and determine their suitability for construction.

Soil and Rock Testing

Some Main Branches Geology:

Physical Geology, Mineralogy, Paleontology, Stratigraphy, Hydrogeology, Environmental Geology

Focuses on the physical properties and processes that shape the Earth's surface and interior.

Physical Geology

It includes the study of plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes, and other geological phenomena.

Physical Geology

Focuses on the study of minerals, including their chemical and physical properties, their occurrence and distribution, and their uses.

Mineralogy

It is the study of fossils and the history of life on Earth.

Paleontology

It is the study of layers of rock and sediment and the ways in which they are formed and preserved.

Stratigraphy

It is the study of the Earth's water cycle and the movement and distribution of water on the surface and underground.

Hydrogeology

Focuses on the ways in which geological processes and materials affect the environment and human activities.

Environmental Geology

It includes the study of natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, and flooding.

Environmental Geology

The Earth is an ___, meaning it is slightly flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator.

Oblate Spheroid

Average diameter: ~___. Equatorial diameter: ___ larger than the polar diameter due to Earth's rotation

12,742 km, 43 km

Local deviations: • Highest point: ___ (~8,850 m above sea level). Deepest point: ___ (~10,911 m below sea level).

Mount Everest, Mariana Trench

Compared to a perfect ellipsoid, Earth's deviation is about __%. For perspective, this is less than the __% tolerance allowed in billiard balls

0.17, 0.22

The feature farthest from Earth's center is. in Ecuador.

Mount Chimborazo

Mass of Earth

5.98 x 1024 kg

Earth Layers:

Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core

The earth's outermost layer, comparable to the skin of an apple.

Crust

Accounts for only 1% of Earth's volume.

Crust

It is the thinnest layer.

Crust

8 km thick, composed mostly of basalt (denser).

Oceanic Crust

32 km thick, composed mostly of granite (less dense).

Continental Crust

Made up of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

Crust

Rich in oxygen, the most abundant element by weight and volume.

Crust

Includes Earth's lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

Crust

Rocky surface (~solid crust).

Lithosphere

Water bodies (e.g., oceans, lakes, rivers).

Hydrosphere

All forms of life on Earth.

Biosphere

Located below the crust and makes up 84% of Earth's volume, making it the largest layer.

Mantle

Enumeration

Sabrina Mikhaela Canindo · 42問 · 1年前

Enumeration