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Sabrina Mikhaela Canindo · 42問 · 1年前

通報

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is the intensity of light per unit area.

Illumination or Illuminance (E)

is measured by the normal luminous flux per unit area received by it.

Illumination or Illuminance (E)

is the energy radiated in the form of waves which produces the sensation of vision to the eyes.

Light

may be natural from sun or the artificial from the means created by human beings.

Light

is that part of electromagnetic radiation spectrum capable of exciting the retina and ultimately producing a visual sensation.

Visible Light

is the intensity of sensation resulting from viewing light sources and backgrounds.

Brightness

is the quality of visual sensation which is associated with the spectral distribution of light.

Color

Visible light can have length between __ Å to __ Å.

4000 - 7500

is a strong steady dazzling light.

Glare

is given by the ratio of luminous flux reflected from a small area of a surface to the total flux incident upon it.

Reflection Factor or Coefficient of Reflection or Reflectance (p)

depends upon the characteristics and the color of the surroundings, i.e. walls and ceilings, etc.

Reflection Factor or Coefficient of Reflection or Reflectance (p)

is the ratio of the total luminous flux transmitted to it to the total flux Incident on it.

Transmittance (T) of an Illuminated Diffuse Reflecting Surface

is the ratio of the light absorbed versus the light striking the surface.

Absorptance (a)

is the ratio of the lumens actually received by a particular surface to the total lumens emitted by the luminous source.

Coefficient of Utilization or Utilization Factor (n)

Factors affecting utilization factor:

Kind of lighting system, Type and mounting height of the fittings, Color of surface and surrounding, Shape and size of the room

The utilization factor varies from:

0.10 to 0.40 for Indirect Lighting System, 0.40 to 0.60 for Direct Lighting System

is the factor related to the cleanliness of the lamp including the room, replacement of lamp after recommended life, etc.

Maintenance Factor

The maintenance factor varies from:

0.60 to 0.80

is the reciprocal of maintenance factor. Its value is more than unity.

Depreciation Factor

is the ratio of the luminous flux to the power intake. Its unit is lumens/watt (lm/W).

Specific Output or Light Efficiency or Efficacy

are classified according to the following: location, requirement and purposes etc.

Lighting Schemes

In this system almost 90% to 95% light falls directly on the object or surface.

Direct Lighting

The light is made to fall upon the surface with the help of deep reflectors.

Direct Lighting

Most used in industries and commercial lighting.

Direct Lighting

Although this scheme is most efficient it is liable to cause glare and shadow

Direct Lighting

In this system, the light does not fall directly on the surface but more than 90% of light is directed upwards by using diffusing reflectors.

Indirect Lighting

Here the ceiling acts as a source of light and this light is uniformly distributed over the surface and glare is reduce to minimum.

Indirect Lighting

It provides shadow less illumination which is useful for drawing officesand composing rooms.

Indirect Lighting

It is used for decoration purposes in cinema halls, hotels and etc.

Indirect Lighting

This is an efficient system of lighting and chances of glare are also reduced.

Semi-Direct Lighting

Here transparent shades are used through which about 60% light is directed downward and 40% is directed upward.

Semi-Direct Lighting

This also provides a uniform distribution of light and is best suited for room with high ceilings.

Semi-Direct Lighting

In this system about 60% to 90% of total light is thrown upward to the ceiling for diffused reflection and the rest reaches the working plane directly.

Semi Indirect Lighting

A very small amount of light is absorbed by the bowl.

Semi Indirect Lighting

It is mainly used for interior decoration.

Semi Indirect Lighting

This system employs such type of luminaires, shades and reflectors which gives equal illumination in all the directions.

General Lighting

Characteristics Of A Good Illumination:

The light source should not strike the eyes of the worker., The type and size of the lamp should be correct., Location of light sources should be proper., Reflecting equipment should be suitable.

Advantages of Correct Illumination:

Factory production increases, Accidents decrease, Wastage of jobs decreases

Advantages of a Well Design Lighting Scheme:

Adequate illumination, Avoidance of glare and hard shadows, Sufficient uniform distribution of light all over the workplace

Factors affecting illumination:

Brightness, Contrast, Glare, Diffuseness

is the difference in brightness between an object and its background.

Contrast

Artificial Sources of Light Different methods of producing light by electrical means are the following:

By temperature incandescence, By establishing an electric arc between two carbon electrodes, By electric discharge

In this type of lighting most of the light falls directly to the surface or the spot which is required to be illuminated.

Direct Lighting

In this system, about 90% of the total light energy falls on the object.

Direct Lighting

In this case light does not reach the surface directly but it is being reflected.

Indirect Lighting

The lamps are either placed behind a cornice or in suspended opaque bowls.

Indirect Lighting

In this case about 90% of light energy falls to the ceiling and then it comes to the object.

Indirect Lighting

There is an opaque reflector below the lamp.

Indirect Lighting

This type of lighting is used for decoration purposes in cinema, dancing halls, etc.

Indirect Lighting

This system utilizes luminaires which send most of the light downwards directly on the working plane but a considerable amount reaches the ceilings and walls also.

Semi-Direct Lighting

This lighting system lies between the direct and indirect lighting wherein the light is partially received by diffuse reflection and partly direct from the source.

Semi-Indirect Lighting

In this system about 60 to 90% light-upward and remaining downwards.

Semi-Indirect Lighting

This type of lighting is mostly used for decoration purposes.

Semi-Indirect Lighting

In this lighting system, luminaires are employed which have almost equal light distribution downwards and upwards.

General Diffusing System

is a type of reflection when a total reflection of an incident light does not occur but a small portion of it is absorbed by the reflecting surface and an image of the source is formed.

Specular Reflection

is a type of reflection where the incident light is scattered or diffused in all directions hence no image of the source is formed.

Diffuse Reflection

is one that scatters light uniformly in all directions. A white blotting paper is the nearest approach to this.

Perfect Diffuser

describes the quality of light on a scale of 0 (horrible) to 100 (perfect).

Color Rendering Index

This measurement illustrates the light source's ability to render the color of objects correctly.

Color Rendering Index

describes whether the light appears warm, neutral or cool.

Color Temperature

refers to the light emitted from a metal object heated to the point of incandescence.

Temperature

Minimum Lamp CRI Noncritical industrial storage, and security lighting

< 50

Minimum Lamp CRI Industrial and general illumination where color is not important

50-70

Minimum Lamp CRI Offices, schools and recreational spaces where color is not important

70-79

Minimum Lamp CRI Hotels, restaurants, offices, schools, hospitals, and retail where color quality is important

80-89

Minimum Lamp CRI Retail and museum/gallery where color quality is critical

90-100

Color Temperature Bulk industrial and security lighting

< 2500

Color Temperature Residences, hotels, restaurants, themed environments, and some commercial office spaces

2700-3000

Color Temperature Display lighting in retail and galleries

2950-3200

Color Temperature Offices, schools, hospitals, some retail

3500-4100

Color Temperature Special applications where color discrimination is critical; uncommon for general lighting

5000-7500

refers to how reliable the light source is when compared with other lamps that are installed at the same time.

Color Consistency and Stability

refers to the energy efficiency of a light source measured in lumens per watt.

Efficacy

evaluates how much of the light is lose by the end of the lamp's life

Lumen Maintenance

Enumeration

Enumeration

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Identification

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Chapter 1

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C1 part 2

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Chap 1&2

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Chap 3&4

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HUM

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Lesson 2,3,4,5,6,7

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Chap 1,2

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Lesson 1

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Chap 3,4

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Chapter 2

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Lesson 1&2

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Chapter 3

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Lesson 3&4

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Chapter 4

Chapter 4

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Lesson 5,6&7

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(2)

(2)

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Chapter 5

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CE215

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MTE4

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HUM

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DRAW

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ECON

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Chap1

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MECH

MECH

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chap2

chap2

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draw

draw

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Enumeration

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ttr

ttr

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g ycu

g ycu

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ENUMERATION

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Enumeration

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Enumeration

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5-8

5-8

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Chapter 5

Chapter 5

Chap 6

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Enumeration

Enumeration

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Enu2

Enu2

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Chap 7

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Chap 8

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chap9

chap9

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Natural and Forest Resources

Natural and Forest Resources

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ECON

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Water and Mineral Resources

Water and Mineral Resources

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MTE4 PREFI

MTE4 PREFI

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Food, Energy, Land Resources

Food, Energy, Land Resources

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HUM PREFI

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CE215 PREFI

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Enumeration

Enumeration

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8,9

8,9

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10,11

10,11

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L10

L10

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L11

L11

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Identification

Identification

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Ident

Ident

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enu

enu

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officials

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events

events

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Enumeration

Enumeration

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1-5

1-5

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2,3,4

2,3,4

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enu 2

enu 2

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ENU

ENU

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midterm

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2.1

2.1

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Mech E3

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Techno

Techno

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enu L1

enu L1

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Mech E2

Mech E2

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1-5

1-5

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Book

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Hum 3

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Obtaining Data

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