M4 and M6

Sabrina Mikhaela Canindo · 42問 · 1年前

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are interested in the basic engineering properties of soils because soils are used extensively in highway construction.

Highway Engineers

are of significant importance when a highway is to carry high traffic volumes with a large percentage of trucks.

Soil Properties

are of importance when high embankments are to be constructed and when the soil is to be strengthen and used as intermediate support for the highway pavement.

Soil Properties

can be defined from the civil engineering point of view as the loose mass of the mineral and organic materials that cover the solid crust of granitic and basaltic rocks of the earth.

Soil

is mainly formed by weathering and other geologic processes that occur on the surface of the solid rock at or near the surface of the earth.

Soil

occurs through either physical (mechanical) or chemical means.

Weathering

is a type of soil that is a mixture of sand, silt, and clay.

Loam Soil

Composition of Loam Soil:

Sand, Silt, Clay

40 percent of the soil.

Sand, Silt

20 percent of the soil.

Clay

is a type of soil that is made up of fine mineral particles that are larger than clay but smaller than sand.

Silt Soil

is also known as “Light soil”.

Sandy Soil

is composed of 35% sand and less than 15% silt and clay.

Sandy Soil

made up of very fine mineral particles, measuring only 0.002 mm in diameter.

Clay Soil

Characteristics of Soil:

Origin, Formation, Grain Size, Shape

Basic engineering properties of soils:

Phase Relations, Atterberg Limits, Permeability, Shear Strength

Phase Relations:

Porosity, Void Ratio, Moisture Content, Degree of Saturation, Soil Density

The texture of a soil can be described in terms of its appearance, which depends mainly on the shapes and sizes of the soil particles and their distribution in the soil mass.

Surface Texture

Two Main Categories of Soil:

Coarse-Grained Soil, Fine-Grained Soil

are sometimes defined as those with particle sizes greater than 0.05 mm, such as sands and gravel.

Coarse-Grained Soils

are those with particle sizes less than 0.05 mm, such as silts and clays.

Fine-Grained Soils

are found in deposits of streams and rivers, have been subjected to extensive wear, and are therefore generally strong.

Round Particles

have not been subjected to similar action and are usually weak.

Flat and Flaky Particles

generally have flat and flaky-shaped particles.

Fine-Grained Soils

generally have round or angular-shaped particles.

Coarse-Grained Soils

Soils with __ have more resistance to deformation than those with __.

Angular-Shaped Particles, Round Particles

tend to lock together.

Angular-Shaped Particles

tend to roll over each other.

Rounded Particles

USCS

Unified Soil Classification System

MIT

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

USDA

U.S Department of Agriculture

This is the more traditional and economical option, often used in low-traffic areas.

Untreated Base Course

This type is enhanced with additives to improve performance and durability.

Treated Base Course

DPWH

Department of Public Works and Highways

Consists of furnishing, placing and compacting of aggregate sub-base course on a prepared subgrade.

Sub-base Course

Removal of trees, stumps, roots, and other vegetation within project limits.

Clearing and Grubbing

FMB

Forest Management Bureau

shall extend 1 meter beyond the toe of the fill slopes or beyond rounding of cut slopes as

Clearing

In areas outside of the grading limits of cut and embankment areas, stumps and nonperishable solid objects shall be cut off not more than __ above the ground line or low water level.

150 mm (6 inches)

In areas covered by cogon/talahib, wild grass and other vegetations, top soil shall be cut to a maximum depth of __ below the original ground surface.

150 mm

Distance included in contract unit price (typically up to 1 km).

Free Haul

Additional payment for hauling beyond free haul limit.

Overhaul

This item covers the construction of embankments in accordance with the specifications and in conformity with the lines, grades, and dimensions shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer.

Construction of Fills and Embankment (DPWH ITEM 104)

Is required when placing fill against existing slopes steeper than __.

Benching, 3:1

Measured in __ of compacted material in place.

Cubic Meters

This item refers to the preparation of the roadbed or subgrade after excavation and before placing the base course.

Subgrade Preparation (DPWH ITEM 105)

It ensures the subgrade is properly shaped, compacted, and ready to support the pavement structure.

Subgrade Preparation (DPWH ITEM 105)

Subgrade must be shaped to the required lines, grades, and cross-section.

Shaping and Grading

Measured in __ of prepared subgrade surface.

Square Meters

This item ensures that the compaction equipment used and the density control methods applied meet the required standards for various layers of the pavement structure.

Compaction and Stabilization (DPWH ITEM 106)

It’s primarily used to verify that the target density is achieved during construction.

Compaction and Stabilization (DPWH ITEM 106)

Are constructed to determine the optimum number of roller passes and moisture content.

Test Strips

DPWH ITEM 200

Aggregate Sub-base Course

DPWH ITEM 102

Excavation

DPWH ITEM 104

Construction of Fills and Embankment

DPWH ITEM 107

Free Haul Overhaul

DPWH ITEM 105

Subgrade preparation

DPWH ITEM 106

Compaction and Stabilization

DPWH ITEM 100

Clearing and Grubbing

Enumeration

Enumeration

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Identification

Identification

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Chapter 1

Chapter 1

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C1 part 2

C1 part 2

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Chap 1&2

Chap 1&2

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Chap 3&4

Chap 3&4

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HUM

HUM

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Lesson 2,3,4,5,6,7

Lesson 2,3,4,5,6,7

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Chap 1,2

Chap 1,2

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Lesson 1

Lesson 1

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Chap 3,4

Chap 3,4

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Chapter 2

Chapter 2

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Lesson 1&2

Lesson 1&2

Chapter 3

Chapter 3

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Lesson 3&4

Lesson 3&4

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Chapter 4

Chapter 4

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Lesson 5,6&7

Lesson 5,6&7

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(2)

(2)

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Chapter 5

Chapter 5

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CE215

CE215

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MTE4

MTE4

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HUM

HUM

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DRAW

DRAW

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ECON

ECON

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Chap1

Chap1

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MECH

MECH

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chap2

chap2

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draw

draw

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Enumeration

Enumeration

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ttr

ttr

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g ycu

g ycu

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ENUMERATION

ENUMERATION

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Enumeration

Enumeration

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Enumeration

Enumeration

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5-8

5-8

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Chapter 5

Chapter 5

Chap 6

Chap 6

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Enumeration

Enumeration

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Enu2

Enu2

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Chap 7

Chap 7

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Enumeration

Enumeration

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Chap 8

Chap 8

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chap9

chap9

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Natural and Forest Resources

Natural and Forest Resources

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ECON

ECON

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Water and Mineral Resources

Water and Mineral Resources

Sabrina Mikhaela Canindo · 9問 · 1年前

MTE4 PREFI

MTE4 PREFI

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Food, Energy, Land Resources

Food, Energy, Land Resources

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HUM PREFI

HUM PREFI

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CE215 PREFI

CE215 PREFI

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Enumeration

Enumeration

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8,9

8,9

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10,11

10,11

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L10

L10

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L11

L11

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Identification

Identification

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Ident

Ident

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enu

enu

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officials

officials

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events

events

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Enumeration

Enumeration

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1-5

1-5

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2,3,4

2,3,4

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enu 2

enu 2

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ENU

ENU

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midterm

midterm

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2.1

2.1

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Mech E3

Mech E3

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Techno

Techno

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enu L1

enu L1

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Mech E2

Mech E2

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1-5

1-5

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Book

Book

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Hum 3

Hum 3

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Obtaining Data

Obtaining Data

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