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通報

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The most widely used concrete products in engineering.

Pipes and Masonry Units

are tested to assure uniformity of quality and to check compliance with design and other specification requirements.

Concrete Products

The significant tests performed for concrete products are:

Strength, Water Absorption, Moisture Content

Concrete pipes may be grouped into:

Plain or Unreinforced Pipe, Reinforced Pipe

Intended for the conveyance of sewage, industrial water, irrigation water, and storm water.

Plain or Unreinforced Pipe

Intended for the construction of culverts and pressure conduits with low internal hydrostatic head, as well as for the conveyance of sewer, irrigation water, industrial water, and storm water with low internal operating head.

Reinforced Pipe

Uses of RCP:

For Conveyance of Industrial Waste, For Conveyance of Sewage, For Conveyance of Storm Water, For Construction of Culverts

Test on RCP:

External Load Crushing Strength (By Three-Edge Bearing Method), Aborption Test

Performed to established that the finish shippable pipe has sufficient strength to withstand the crushing loads stated in the specification.

External Load Crushing Strength (By Three-Edge Bearing Method)

Performed to prove the adequacy of design.

External Load Crushing Strength (By Three-Edge Bearing Method)

Proof of Design.

External Load Crushing Strength (By Three-Edge Bearing Method)

Performed to establish the fact that the finished, shippable pipe meets the absorption limits stated in the specification.

Aborption Test

also called concrete block, cement block, and foundation block.

Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)

is a large rectangular brick used in construction.

Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)

are made from cast concrete, example: Portland cement and aggregate, usually sand and fine gravel for high-density blocks.

Concrete Blocks

Include solid load bearing and hollow load and non-load bearing blocks for the construction of building walls, fences, catch basins, manholes, and other purposes.

Concrete Masonry Units

Composition of CHB:

Cement, Mineral Aggregates, Water

should be free from significant amount of deleterious impurities.

Water

Parts of a Masonry Unit:

Core, Stretcher or Face Shell, Header, Web

Arrangements of Masonry Unit:

Running, Common or American, Flemish, English, Stack, English Cross or Dutch

Types of Concrete Hollow Blocks:

Load Bearing, Non-Load Bearing

Used for unplastered exterior wall above grade that may be exposed to weather.

Load Bearing

Thickness ranges from 6-8 inches.

Load Bearing

Capable of carrying super-imposed load aside from their own weight.

Load Bearing

Used as an exterior wall below grade.

Load Bearing

Thickness ranges from 4-6inches.

Non-Load Bearing

Carrying their own weight alone.

Non-Load Bearing

Intended for walls, Partitions, Fences, Dividers.

Non-Load Bearing

are block that can or intended to carry load aside from its own weight.

Load Bearing Concrete Hollow Block

Easier handling and facility for conducting or steel reinforcement through the hollows.

Load Bearing Concrete Hollow Block

tends to have very limited applications in modern wall construction. Such walls can, however, be quite economical and suitable in some applications.

Solid Masonry, Without Steel Reinforcement

tend to be low and thick as a consequence of their lack of tensile strength.

Solid Unreinforced Masonry Walls

are used for fences, wall partition or divider and this is not intended to carry load.

Non-Load Bearing Concrete Hollow Block

are made from sand, water, cement and pigments, and are not fired like clay tiles, but cured at temperatures of approximately 60 degrees Celsius.

Concrete Tiles

is made from solid concrete.

Concrete Brick

are used to cover the facade of a home, build fences, and enhance the overall beauty of a home's exterior.

Concrete Bricks

are quickly becoming a popular alternative to other home facade materials.

Concrete Bricks

Other types of Concrete Hollow Blocks:

Stretcher, Corner, Double Corner or Pier, Bull Nose

is the most commonly used block in construction.

Stretcher Block

It is laid with its length parallel to the face of the wall.

Stretcher Block

is used for corners at simple window and door openings.

Corner Block

is used for constructing piers pilasters or for any other purpose where both ends of the block would be visible.

Double-Corner or Pier Block

serves the same purpose as a corner block, but it is used where round corners are desired.

Bull-Nose Block

Sustainable Modern Concrete Products:

Fly Ash Concrete, Light-Transmitting Concrete

a sustainable, environment-friendly material.

Fly Ash Concrete

is an inexpensive replacement for portland cement used in concrete, while it actually improves strength, segregation, and ease of pumping of the concrete.

Fly Ash

is used as an ingredient in brick, block, paving, and structural fills.

Fly Ash

is a fine, glass-like powder recovered from gases created by coal-fired electric power generation.

Fly Ash

Two Classifications of Fly ash:

Class F Fly Ash, Class C Fly Ash

with particles covered in a kind of melted glass, greatly reduces the risk of expansion due to sulfate attack, as may occur in fertilized soils or near coastal areas.

Class F Fly Ash

is resistant to expansion from chemical attack, has a higher percentage of calcium oxide, and is more commonly used for structural concrete.

Class C Fly Ash

is a trademark for a translucent concrete building material.

LiTraCon

The technical data sheet from the manufacturer [1] says the material is made of __% concrete and __% by weight of optical fibers.

Light-Transmitting Concrete, 96, 4

was developed in __ by Hungarian architect __ working with scientists at the Technical University of Budapest.

Light-Transmitting Concrete, 2001, Aron Losonczi

known also as translucent concrete.

Light-Transmitting Concrete

Minimum Strength of Concrete Hollow Blocks (INDIVIDUAL) Load Bearing = __ Non-Load Bearing = __ (AVERAGE) Load Bearing = __ Non-Load Bearing = __

5.5 MPA = 800 PSI, 3.34 MPA = 500 PSI, 6.9 MPA = 1000 PSI, 4.24 MPA = 600 PSI

A steel product of plain, round or deformed cross section for concrete reinforcement.

Bar

steel bar with protrusions.

Deformed Bar

bar that is intended for use as reinforcement in reinforced concrete construction.

Deformed Bar

transverse protrusions on a deformed bar.

Deformation

steel bar without protrusions.

Plain Bar

longitudinal protrusion on a deformed bar.

Rib

inhibits longitudinal movement of the bar relative to the concrete surrounding the bar in such construction.

Lugs or Protrusion

surface of which is provided with lugs or protrusions called deformation.

Deformed Steel Bar

used in reinforced concrete structures to provide a superior mechanical bond with concrete for increased tensile strength, seismic resistance, and durability.

Deformed Steel Bar

Suitable for less demanding construction projects.

Light Structures

Used for railings, gates, and other decorative metalwork.

Decorative Purposes

Applied in formwork and falsework where high bond strength isn't critical.

Temporary Structures

Used in some prestressed concrete applications for supporting bars.

Prestressed Concrete

provides less friction and a weaker bond with concrete.

Smooth Surface

without surface deformation.

Plain Steel Bar

Steel bar shall be graded according to its minimum yield strength.

Grade

Bars are of three minimum yield strength levels: namely:

280 MPa (40,000 psi), 420 MPa (60,000 psi), 520 MPa (75,000 psi)

HOW TO READ REBAR MARKINGS:

Main Ribs, Letter or Symbol for Production Mill, Bar Size, Type of Steel, Grade Mark

is very strong under compression (pushing force), but weak under tension (pulling force).

Concrete

is added to compensate for this weakness.

Reinforcement

is placed within the formwork in areas that will experience tensile or shearing stress once the concrete hardens and the structure is under load.

Rebar

Help distribute the heavy loads from traffic or equipment more evenly across the slab.

Rebars

Concrete is very strong under compression (pushing force), but weak under tension (pulling force). Reinforcement is added to compensate for this weakness. The rebar is placed within the formwork in areas that will experience tensile or shearing stress once the concrete hardens and the structure is under load.

Embedded in concrete for purpose of resisting particular stresses.

Providing internal tensile strength that resists the concrete's natural tendency to stretch and break.

Control cracking of concrete structure.

Rebars help distribute the heavy loads from traffic or equipment more evenly across the slab. Without the reinforcement, the load would create localized stresses that could cause the concrete to fail.

Maintain the structural integrity of the slab between transverse joints.

The combination of steel rebar and concrete creates a composite material that is robust under both compressive and tensile forces. The concrete takes on the compression, while the rebar absorbs the tension.

Prevents the progressive opening of cracks by holding the edges of the cracks closely together.

Determines the tensile properties.

Tension Test

Results are used to classify bars into grades.

Tension Test

Provides information on the strength and ductility of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses.

Tension Test

Results may be useful in comparison of materials, alloy development and quality control.

Tension Test

Tension Tests:

Yield Point, Tensile Strength, Elongation

Calculate by dividing the load sustained by the specimen at the sudden halt of the load indicating pointer by the nominal cross-sectional area of the specimen.

Yield Point

Calculate by dividing the maximum load the specimen sustains during test by the nominal cross-sectional area of the specimen.

Tensile Strength

Express the increase in length of the gage length as a percentage of the original gage length.

Elongation

Length determination.

Dimensions

Weight determination.

Variation in Mass

bars are evaluated on the basis of nominal mass.

Weight Determination

Evaluates the ductile properties of reinforcing steel bar.

Bending Test

Evaluates the ductile properties of rebar.

Phosphorous Content Determination

Deformation Measurements (For deformed bar):

Average Spacing (spacing between the lugs), Average height (height of the lug), Gap (width of the rib)

No cracking on outside bent portion.

Bending Requirement

__ in Mass, % Shall not exceed __ maximum under nominal mass except for bars smaller than __ plain round. In no case shall the over weight be the cause for rejection.

Variation, 6%, ⅜in (10 mm)

is __ maximum.

Phosphorous Content, 0.06%

Enumeration

Enumeration

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Identification

Identification

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Chapter 1

Chapter 1

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C1 part 2

C1 part 2

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Chap 1&2

Chap 1&2

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Chap 3&4

Chap 3&4

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HUM

HUM

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Lesson 2,3,4,5,6,7

Lesson 2,3,4,5,6,7

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Chap 1,2

Chap 1,2

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Lesson 1

Lesson 1

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Chap 3,4

Chap 3,4

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Chapter 2

Chapter 2

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Lesson 1&2

Lesson 1&2

Chapter 3

Chapter 3

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Lesson 3&4

Lesson 3&4

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Chapter 4

Chapter 4

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Lesson 5,6&7

Lesson 5,6&7

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(2)

(2)

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Chapter 5

Chapter 5

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CE215

CE215

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MTE4

MTE4

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HUM

HUM

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DRAW

DRAW

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ECON

ECON

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Chap1

Chap1

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MECH

MECH

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chap2

chap2

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draw

draw

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Enumeration

Enumeration

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ttr

ttr

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g ycu

g ycu

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ENUMERATION

ENUMERATION

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Enumeration

Enumeration

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Enumeration

Enumeration

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5-8

5-8

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Chapter 5

Chapter 5

Chap 6

Chap 6

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Enumeration

Enumeration

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Enu2

Enu2

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Chap 7

Chap 7

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Enumeration

Enumeration

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Chap 8

Chap 8

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chap9

chap9

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Natural and Forest Resources

Natural and Forest Resources

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ECON

ECON

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Water and Mineral Resources

Water and Mineral Resources

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MTE4 PREFI

MTE4 PREFI

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Food, Energy, Land Resources

Food, Energy, Land Resources

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HUM PREFI

HUM PREFI

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CE215 PREFI

CE215 PREFI

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Enumeration

Enumeration

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8,9

8,9

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10,11

10,11

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L10

L10

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L11

L11

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Identification

Identification

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Ident

Ident

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enu

enu

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officials

officials

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events

events

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Enumeration

Enumeration

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1-5

1-5

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2,3,4

2,3,4

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enu 2

enu 2

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ENU

ENU

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midterm

midterm

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2.1

2.1

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Mech E3

Mech E3

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Techno

Techno

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enu L1

enu L1

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Mech E2

Mech E2

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1-5

1-5

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Book

Book

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Hum 3

Hum 3

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Obtaining Data

Obtaining Data

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