CC- DIABETES MELLITUS

Yves Laure Pimentel · 70問 · 2年前

通報

問題一覧

type 1 other names

IDDM- INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS Juvenile Onset Diabetes Mellitus Brittle Diabetes Ketosis Prone Disease

type 1

peak incidence is in childhood and adolescence, but it may occur at any age

type 1 diabetes

most common in type 1 diabetes

Autoimmune disorder

absolute low in type 1

insulinopenia

c peptide level in type 1

undetectable

non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, adult type/ maturity onset diabetes mellitus, associated with individuals over the age of 40, also occurs among children

type 2 diabetes

type 2 diabetes associated with individuals over the age of

stable diabetes

type 2

ketosis prone diabetes

type 1

ketosis resistant diabetes

type 2

receptor-deficient diabetes mellitus

type 2

type 2 diabetes is aka

genetisist nightmare

type 2 diabetes

c peptide level in type 2 diabetes

detectable

c-peptide level provide reliable indicator and monitor for?

pancreatic surgery and insulin secretion

it provide reliable indicator and monitor for pancreatic surgery and insulin secretion

c-peptide level

normal ratio of c peptide: insulin

5:1-15:1

it develops abruptly polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

type 1

rapid weight loss

type 1

develop gradual polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

type 2

obesity

type 2

ketones or ketosis is common or uncontrolled

type 1

rare ketones

type 2

it increases acidemia which leads to CNS problems (diabetic coma)- life threatening

diabetic ketoacidosis

the brain can use as a source of energy tru TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)

ketones bodies

the brain can use as a source of energy tru ?

TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)

are acidic in nature

ketones bodies

ketones bodies composed of 3

b-hydroxy butyrate (78%) major acetoacetic acid (20%) parent acetone (2%) least

high in diabetic ketoacidosis

b-hydroxybutyrate levels

b-hydroxybutyrate levels in diabetic ketoacidosis

high

what electrolytes increases in diabetic nephropathy

bun and creatinine

major ketone bodies

b-hydroxybutyrate (78%)

parent ketone bodies

acetoacetic acid (20%)

least ketone bodies

acetone (2%)

in sever DM, the ratio of B-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate is

6:1

methods in ketone bodies

Gerhardt's ferric chloride test nitroprusside test acetest

react only with acetoacetate

Gerhardt's ferric chloride test

10x more sensitive to acetoacetate than to acetone

nitroprusside test

detects acetoacetate and acetone

acetest

ACE inhibitor and sulfhydryl medications

false (+)

old strips; strips with excessive contact air; after ingestion of large amount of vitamin, C

false (-)

is associated to: HLA DR3 AND DR4

type 1

type 1 is associated to:

HLA DR3 AND DR4

generally respond to dietary intervention and oral hypoglycemic agents

type 2

generally respond to dietary intervention and oral hypoglycemic agents

type 2

diabetic nephropathy or

kimmel stiel wilson

is a form of type 1 DM that has no known

idiopathic type 1 DM

method in carbohydrates which is applicable in galactosemia or newborns

chemical test or benedicts

patient fasting hours

8-12 hours

this tube preserves glucose up to 3 days and inhibits bacterial growth

sodium fluoride

sodium fluoride tube preserves glucose up to how many days and inhibits bacterial growth

glucose is metabolized at room temperature

7 mg/dl/hr

refrigerated temp. 4 degrees celsius

2 mg/dl/hr

2 enzymatic method

Glucose oxidase method Hexokinase method

it measures the B-D glucose

Glucose Oxidase method

Glucose Oxidase measures the

B-D glucose

specific method for glucose analysis

Hexokinase method

it measures the rate of oxygen consumption which is equal to glucose concentration

polarographic glucose oxidase

2 chemical methods

Alkaline copper reduction method Condensation method

Alkaline copper reduction method

folin wu method nelson somogyi method neocuproine method

Condensation method

othro toluidine method( dubowski )

folin wu method

phosphomolybdate

folin wu method

nelson somogyi method

arsenomolybdate

nelson somogyi method

-reduction of cupric with glucose (2,9-dimethyl-1-10 phenanthroline hydrochloride)

Neocuproine Method

- Use glacial Acetic Acid

Ortho-toluidine Method (Dubowski)

Ortho-toluidine Method (Dubowski) uses

glacial acetic acid

(modification of Folin-Wu)

Benedict's Method

Benedict's Method (modification of ?)

Folin-Wu

Used for the detection and quantitation of reducing substances in body fluids

Benedict's Method (modification of Folin-Wu)

Benedict’s Method (modification of Folin-Wu) Use ? as stabilizing agent.

citrate or tartrate

Glucose measurement using the reducing substances approach may be erroneously higher by ____________________compared to the enzymatic method.

5-15 MG/DL

formed from the nonenzymatic, irreversible attachment of glucose to hemoglobin A1

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ( HBA1C)

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ( HBA1C) a.k.a.

Glycated haemoglobin

monitoring of LONGTERM glucose control

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ( HBA1C)

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ( HBA1C) monitoring of _________________ glucose control

LONG TERM

is now part of bases for diagnosis of Diabetes mellitus

HbA1C

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ( HBA1C) MONITORING FOR?

2-4 months.

It is useful in monitoring effectiveness of treatment and COMPLIANCE of diabetic individual to treatment protocol

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ( HBA1C)

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ( HBA1C) Specimen:

EDTA whole blood (nonfast)

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ( HBA1C) Methods:

Electrophoresis, Immunoassay, HPLC, Affinity Chromatography

Reference range:Hb Alc

4-6%

Reference range: Hb Alc effective treatment range? Hb Alc

<7%

aka. Glycosylated or glycated albumin

Fructosamine

Fructosamine aka.

Glycosylated or glycated albumin

Fructosamine . ___________glucose control (3-6 weeks )

SHORT TERM

. SHORT TERM glucose control (3-6 weeks )

Fructosamine

Fructosamine . SHORT TERM glucose control (FOR? )

3-6 weeks

Fructosamine Measured by

spectrophotometric/colorimetric methods, affinity chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography

Criteria of Fasting Plasma Glucose(FPG) Non-Diabetic (Pre-Diabetes)/normal

<100mg/dl

Criteria of Fasting Plasma Glucose(FPG) Impaired Plasma Glucose

100-125 mg/dL

Criteria of Fasting Plasma Glucose(FPG) Diabetes Mellitus

≥ 126 mg/dL

Diagnosis Criteria for DM RBS/Casual plasma glucose

≥ 200mg/dL (with symptoms of DM)

Diagnosis Criteria for DM FBS

≥126 mg/dL

Diagnosis Criteria for DM 3.2-hr Post Glucose Load

≥200 mg/Dl

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