HISTOPATHOLOGY

69問 • 2年前

問題一覧

protective response of the body to irritation or injury it is composed of series of physiologic and morphologic changes in the blood vessels, blood components and surrounding connective tissues for the purpose of protecting the body against injury.

Inflammation

arteriolar and capillary dilation with increased rate of blood flow towards the site of injury

Rubor/ Redness

it is due to increased capillary permeability causing extravasation of blood fluid

tumor/ swelling

due to pressure upon the sensory nerve by the exudate/tumor

Dolor/Pain

study of suffering or structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlies disease

pathology

destruction of the functioning units of the tissue

functio laesa/ loss of function

due to transfer of internal heat to surface or site of injury brought about by increased blood content

calor/heat

fluids escape to the cavities

exudation

excess fluid in body cabities (transudate/exudate)

edema

inflammatory exudate high in wbc and parenchymal cell debris

pus

it represents an intergrade between acute and chronic

subchronic

are serum like substance/ effusion (no cells)

serous

local collection of purulent inflammation tissue with liquefactive necrosis

abscess

ope sorr if skin, eyes, mucous membrane cayse by abrasion and maintained by infection / inflammation

ulcer

fibrin like substance (seen in severe injuries)

fibrous

inflammation of the mucus membrane (hypersecretion of mucusa)

catarrhal

rupture of blood vessels( escape of rbcs)

hemorrhagic

with pus(wbc, necrotic cells) caused by pyogenic bacteria

suppurative or purulent inflammation

inflammation in extracellular fluid eith high protein and much cellular debris

exudate (SG >1.020)

fluid with low protein because of hydrostatic imbalance across vascular endothelium

Transudate ( SG <1.020)

Vascular and fibroblastic, repeated Increase mononuclears Persistence: Weeks/years

Chronic

Local, rapid, vascular and exudate By microbial, immunological, physical, chemical causes Increase PMNs Short time ( Day- weeks)

Acute inflammation

organ or tissues smaller than normal

Retrogressive Changes

failure of an organ to have an opening

atresia

Incomplete or defective development of a tissue or organ Most commonly seen in one paired structures (kidney, adrenals) Represented onky by a mass of fatty or fibrous tissue

Aplasia

Non appearance of an organ

agenesia

failure of an organ to reach its full mature size

hypoplasia

Decrease in size of a normally mature tissue or organ, decrease functions but not dead Decrease cell size (loss of cell substance) Decrease cell number

Atrophy

occurs a natural consequence of maturation

physiologic

as a consequence of disease

pathologic

Organ/Tissues larger than Normal

Progressive Changes

Increase in size because of increased size of cell ( increase size of organelles) -Increase functional demand -Hormonal stimulation

Hypertrophy

Increase in size because of increase in the number of cells Can be physiological or pathological Occur in cells synthesize DNA

Hyperplasia

tissue has abnormalities

Degenerative

One cell type to another ( Adaptive or reversible)

metaplasia

(atypical hyperplasia) Change of structural components (size, shape, orientation of cell)

Dysplasia

(Dedeferensation)- Criterion toward malignancy ( Change to a kore primitive embryonic cell type

anaplasia

Continuous abnormal proliferation of cells withoy control ( tumor)

neoplasia

establish estimate of aggresiveness or level of maligancy based on the the cytologic differentiation of tumor cells and the number of mitosis within the tumor

Grading of tumor

Cessation of the vital functions of the brain, heart and lungs Irreversible

Somatic death

First demonstrable change observed. Cooling of the body, 2-2.5F/hr Not reliable for time of death due to many factors

Algor mortis

Stiffening of skeletal muscle after deat. 2-3 hours of death (Head and neck) - Decrease ATP and high lactic acid - Locked chemical bridges between actin and myosin ( 12 hours)

Rigor mortis

Lividity/Suggilations , Purplish discoloration ( due to gravity) After 10-12 hours Settling of blood

Livor Mortis

Clotting on the large vessels

Post Mortem clot

Drying, wrinkling of cornea and anterior chamber of the eyes

Dessication

Release of foul odor due to increase of saprophytic organisms

Putrefaction

Self destruction of cells

Autolysis

UICC

International Union Against Cancer

AJCS

American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging

Due to injurious agent or stress Cellular response to injurious stimulu depends on type of injury, duration and severity Consequences of cell injury depend on the type and adaptability of injured cells

Cell Injury

Cell dies due to internal suicide program (programmed cell death)

Apoptosis

Cellular Death Because of exogenous stimuli Destroyed organelles Cell swelling, protein denaturation and coagulation of proteins Cell Rupture

Necrosis

destroyed by leukocytes

Heterolysis

self destruction

Autolysis

Major pathway (due to Ischemia, Toxin, Infection, Trauma) Enzyme leakage ( lysosomes)- enter and digest cell

Necrosis

increase basophilia, small nuclei

pyknosis

Decrease basophilia, faint dissolved nuclei

Karyolysis

Nuclear fragmentation

Karyorrhexis

Encountered in Tuberculosis cases Cheese-like (yellow) Granuloma

Caseous necrosis

fat destroyed by lioase Calcium soaps= chalky white areas ( fat saponification)

Fat necrosis

decrease of blood flow altered vessels

Ischemia

Decrease Oxygen Deacrse HgB

Hypoxia

metabolites of toxic goes to target cells

chemical injury

internal suicide program (programmed) Decrease cell size Chromatin condensation Cytoplasmic blebs and apoptotic bodies Increase mitochondrial permeability

Apoptosis

Common type of necrosis Denatured cytoplasmic proteins In solid organs Characterized by infarcts "Buckling effect"-> M.I

Coagulative necrosis

In limbs .Limb losy blood supply (Coagulative necrosis, "dry gangrene") If with bacteria ( Wet gangrene)

Fat Necrosis

Seen in soft focal l bacteria Id hetero/ autolysis WINS Area =soft and with fluid raw

absesses

Seen in softal bacteria Id hetero/ autolysis WINS Area =soft and with fluid raw as abscess Hypoxia (brain)

liquefactive necrosis

new growth, tumor (with parenchyma and stroma)

Neoplasia

other names parasitology

Yves Laure Pimentel · 70問 · 2年前

other names parasitology