Structural Conceptualization Part 2

100問 • 1年前

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the stress wherein the deformation increase without any increase of the load. the material at some portion shows a decrease in its cross section

yield point

the maximum stress that can be attained immediately before actual failure or rupture

ultimate strength

stressed at which materials specimen breaks

rapture strength

the maximum unit stress permitted for a material in the design of a structural member, usually a fraction of the material's elastic limit, strength or ultimate strength

allowable stress

the range of unit stresses for which a material exhibit elastic deformation

elastic range

temporary change in the dimension or shape of a body produced by stressless than the elastic limit of the materials

elastic deformation

the property of material that causes it to rupture suddenly under stress with little evident deformation. this material are locked the plastic behavior of dr materials they can give no warning of impending material

brittleness

the property of a materials that enables it to undergo plastic deformation after being stressed beyond the elastic limit and before rupturing. is a desirable property of a structural materials since plastic behavior is an indicator of reserve strength and can serve as visual warning of impending failure

ductility

the property of a material that enables it to deform in response to an applied force and to recover its original size & shape upon removal of the force

elasticity

the ability of materials to regain and rebound to the original shape when the load is released

malleability

the property of material that enables it to absorb energy before rupturing, represented by the area under the stress strain curve derived from 8 10 seal test of the material. dr material are tougher than brittle material

toughness

a coefficient of elasticity of a material stressing the ratio between the unit stress and the corresponding unit strain caused by stress,as derived from Hooke's Law and represented by the slope of the straight line portion of the stress drain line diagram also called coefficient of elasticity

modulus of elasticity

the inelastic strain remaining in a material after complete release of stress producing deformation

permanent set

the stress necessary to produce a specific limiting permanent set in a material,usually 0.2% of its original length when tested in tension. used to determine the limit of usefulness of material having a poorly defined yield point also called poor stress

yield strength

the behavior an increase rate of load application can cause a normally ductile material

strain-rate effect

the brittle behavior low temperatures can cause in a normally ductile material

temperature effect

the time dependent decrease in the stress in a constrained material under a constant load

stress relaxation

the gradual per month the formation of a body produce by a continued application of stress or prolong exposure to heat. a concrete structure continues over time and can be significantly greater than the initial elastic deflection

creep

the awakening of failure of a materials at a stress below the elastic limit when subjected to a repeated series of stress

fatigue

structural properties of A36 steel: the maximum allowable stress in shear is

14.5 ksi

structural properties of A36 steel: the maximum allowable stress for bending is

24 ksi

structural properties of A36 steel: for modulus of elasticity

29, 000 ksi

The act of stretching or state of being pull apart, resulting in the elongated of an elastic body

tension

an applied force producing or tending to produce tension in a elastic body

tensile force

a tensile or comprehensive force acting along the longitudinal axis of a structural member and at the centroid of the cross section, producing axial stress without bending, torsion or shear, also called axial load

axial force

an act of shortening or state of being pushed together resulting in the reduction in size or volume of an elastic body

compression

an applied force producing or tending to produce compression in a elastic body

compressive force

a force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a structural member but not to the centroid of the cross section, producing bonding and uneven distribution of stresses in the section,also called eccentric load

eccentric force

the internal resistance or reaction of an elastic body to external forces applied to it.equal to the ratio of force two area and expressed in units of force per unit of cross sectional area also called unit stress

stress

the actual stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear than cell forces tending to elongate it

tensile stress

the elongation of a unit length of material produced by tensile stress

tensile strain

a measure of ductility of a material,expressed as the percentage increase in the length of a test specimen after failure and tensile stress

elongation

a measure of ductility of material expressed as percentage decrease in cross sectional areaas the specimen after rupturing in a tensile test

reduction of area

the resistance of a material to longitudinal stress,measured by the minimum amount of longitudinal stress required to rupture the material

tensile strength

the deformation of a body under the action of an applied force. is a dimension less quantity,equal to the ratio of the change in size and shape to original size and shape of a stressed element

strain

an instrument for measuring minute deformation in a test specimen caused by tension,compression wedding or twisting also called extensometer

stain gauge

a coefficient of elasticity of material expressing the ratio of longitudinal stress to the corresponding longitudinal strain caused by the strain

young's modulus

the ratio of lateral strain to the corresponding longitudinal strain in an elastic body under longitudinal stress

poison's ratio

the axial stress that develops as the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear compressive forces tending to shorten it

compressive stess

shortening of a unit length material produced by a comprehensive stress

compressive strain

the lateral deformation produced in a body by an external force because what part of the body to slide relative to an adjacent part in a direction parallel to their plane contact

shear

an applied force producing or tending to produce shear in the body

shear force

an internal force tangenial to the surface on which its acts, developed by a body in response to the shear,sharing in a vertical plane necessarily involves sharing in a horizontal plane and vice versa

shearing force

the force per unit area develop along a section of an elastic body to resist a ship force also called shear stress, tangenial stress

shearing stress

a coefficient elasticity of a material, expressing the ratio between shearing stress and the corresponding shearing strain produced by the strain. also called modulus of rigidity or modulus of torsion

shear modulus of elasticity

the bowing of an elastic body as an external force is applied transversary to its length. it is the structural mechanism that enables a load to be mechanism that enables a load to be channeled in a direction perpendicularly to its application

bending

a force applied perpendicular to the length of a structural member producing bending and shear

transverse force

the moment of force system that causes or tends to cause rotation or torsion

torque

the twisting of an elastic body about its longitudinal axis caused by two equal or opposite torques,producing shearing stresses in the body

torsion

to depth of concrete section measured from the compression phase to the centroid of the tension reinforcement

effective length

the amount of concrete required to subjects to your enforcement from fire and corrosion,measured from the surface of the reinforcement to alter surface to the concrete section

cover

the adhesive for per unit area of contact between reinforcing bar and the surrounding concrete developed at any section of a flexural member

bond stress

a bend or curve given to develop an equivalent embedment length,use where there is innovation room to develop in adequate embedment length

hook

a 90°,135°,180° bend made at the end of a reinforcing bar according to standard

standard hook

any of various means,as embedment length or hook bars, for developing tension or compression in reinforcing bar on each side of critical section in order to prevent bond failure or splitting

ancourage

the section of a flucturial concrete member at a point of maximum stress, a point of inflection, or a point within the span where tensions bar are no longer needed to resist stress

critical section

a concrete in which the tension reinforcements theoretically reaches its specified yield strength as the concrete in compression reaches its assume ultimate strain

balance section

a concrete section in which the concrete in compression reaches its resumed ultimate strain before the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength.this is a dangerous condition since failure of the section could occur instantaneously without warning

overreinforced section

a concrete section in which the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength before the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain.this is desirable condition since failure of the section would be preceded by large deformation giving prior warning of impending collapse

underreinforced section

a rigid structural member designs to carry and transfer transverse loads across spaces supporting elements

beam

the extent of space between two supports of a structure

span

the distance between inner space of the support of a span

clear span

the center to center distance between supports of a span

effective span

an external moment tending to cause parts of a structure to rotate or bend,equal to the algebra exam of the moments about the neutral axis of the section under consideration

bending moment

an eternal moments equal and opposite to a bending moment,generated by force couple to maintain equilibrium of the section being considered

resisting moment

the perpendicular distance of spawning member deviates from a true course under transverse loading, increasing with load and span, and decreasing with an increase in the moment of inertia of the section and the modulus of elasticity of the material

deflection

an imaginary line passing through the centroid of the cross section of a beam, other ember subject to bending,along which no bending stress occur

neutral axis

a combination of compressive and tensile stress develop across a cross section of structural member to resist transverse force, having a maximum value at the surface furthest from the neutral axis

bending stress

slightly convex curvature intentionally built into beam, girder, for trust to compensate for an participated deflection. it's treated in a steel trust 25 m and longer and shall be approximately equal to the dead load deflection

camber

an external shear force at a cross section of a beam or other members subjected to bending, equally to the algebraic sum of transverse force on one side of the section

transverse shear

the shearing stress develop along cross section of a beam to resist transverse shear, having a maximum value at the neutral axis and decreasing nonlinear it towards the outer faces

vertical shearing

the shearing stress developed to the prevent slippage a long longitudinal planes of a beam under transverse loading, equal to any point to the vertical sharing stress at the point. also called longitudinal shearing stress

horizontal shearing

a formal defining the relationship between bending moment, bending stress, and the course sectional properties of a beam. bending stress is directly proportional to bending moment and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of a beam section

flexure formula

the sum of the products of each element of an area and square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation. is a geometric property that indicates how the cross sectional area of structural member is distributed and does not reflect the intrinsic physical properties of a material.

moment of inertia

a geometric property of a cross section,define as the moment of inertia of the section divided by the distance from the neutral axis of the most remote surface

section modulus

the buckling of a structural member include by compressive stress acting on slender portion insufficiently rigid in lateral direction

lateral buckling

lies depicting the direction but not the magnitude of the principal stresses in the beam

stress trajectories

a graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the external shear present in the structure for a given set of transverse loads and support conditions concentrated load produce external shears which are constant in magnitude between the loads uniformly distributed loads produce linear varying shares

shear diagram

a graphic representation of the variation of magnitude of the bending moment presents in a structure for a given set of transverse load and support conditions. to the overall deflected shaped of structures subject to bending can often be inferred from the shape

moment diagram

produce being moments which very linearly between loads

concentrated loads

produced by parabolically varying moments

uniformly distributed loads

a net resultant of shear forces that acts vertically upward on the left part of the structure being considered

positive shear

a net resultant of shear forces that act vertically downward on the left part of structure being considered

negative shear

a bending moment that produces moment that produce a concave curvature at section of a structure

positive moments

a point at which a structure changes curvature from a convex to concave or vice versa as it deflects under a transverse load theoretically an internal hinge and therefore at point of zero moment

inflection point

a bending moment that produce a convex curvature at section of a structure

negative moment

a beam resisting on simple support at both ends which are free to rotate and have no moment resistance. as with any statistically determine structure, the values of all reactions, shears, and moments of a sample beam or independent of its cross sectional shape and material

simple beam

a projecting beam supported at only one fixed end

centilever beam

a beam or other rigid structure member extending beyond a fulcrum and supported by a balancing member or a downward force behind the fulcrum

cantilever

a simple beam extending beyond one of its supports. reduces the positive moments at midspan while developing a negative moment at the base of the cantilever over the support

overhang beam

a beam having both ends restrained against translation and rotation. transfer bending stresses,increase the rigidity of the beam and reduces the maximum deflection

fixed end beam

abm extending over more than two supports in order to develop greater rigidity and smaller moments than a series of simple beams having smaller response and loading. both fixed end and continuous beams are in determinate structures for which the values of all reactions, cheers and moments are dependent not only on spot and loading but also a on cross sectional shape and material

continuous beam

the part of a beam that is thickened and depend to develop greater moment resistance. the efficiency of a beam can be increased by shaping it's length in response to the moment and shear values which typically vary along its longitudinal axis

haunch

a simple beam supported by the cantilevers of two adjoining span with pinned construction joints at points of zero movement. also called hung span

suspended span

the distance between inflection points in a span of a fixed and or continuous beam, equivalent in nature to the actual length of simply supported beam

effective length

a relatively slender structure member design primary to support axial loads, apply that the member ends

column

i still practical support especially a wooden column in timber framing

post

a sudden lateral or proportional instability of a slender structure member included by the action of compressive load. it can occur well before the yield stress of the material is reached

buckling

the actual load at which a column begins to deflect literally becomes unsuitable

buckling

100

the maximum axial load that can theoretically be applied to a column without causing it to buckle. is a inversely proportional to the square of its effective length and directly proportional to the modulus of elasticity of the material and to the moment of inertia of the cross section also called the euler buckling load

critical buckling load

Building laws Part 1

Mari Alberca · 100問 · 1年前

Building laws Part 1