Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 3

100問 • 1年前

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the physical expansion of a town, city, or metropolitan area as a result of a continually increasing number of new developments and the outIying area. results to a waste of energy resources, time and money and blight in the central city.

suburban sprawl

fragments the region and creates a series of unrelated developments that consequently create a weak urban fabric. also creates unpleasant environment at street level

suburban sprawl

initiated by the automobile,greedy developers, and the american dream

unslightly suburban streets

because of the effect of suburban sproll on the urban environment, and ultimately on the quality of life of those affected by it,a group of concerned architects. the goal is was to generate public awareness on the ills of sprawl and bring back traditional city form

the Congress for New Urbanism (CNU)

Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Peter Calthorpe, Peter Katz, Daniel Solomon among others are the founders of.

The Congress for New Urbanism

urbanism, defined by its diversity, pedestrian scale, public space and structure of bounded neighborhoods, should be applied throughout a metropolitan region regardless of location. it should be designed according to similar urban principle

region

these three are the fundamental organizing element for new organism

neighborhoods, district, corridor

are urbanized area with a balanced mix of human activity

neighborhood

our areas dominated by a single activity

districts

are connectors and separators of neighborhood and districts

corridors

this three form of New Urbanism

streets, blocks, buildings

are not the dividing lines within a city,but are the communal rooms and passages

streets

are the field on which unfolds both buildings fabric and the public realm of the city

blocks

are the smallest increment of growth in the city.their proper configuration and placement relative to each other determines a character which settlement

buildings

what is the defining characteristic of a new Urbanism Neighborhood

a discernible center or focal point

how far, an average, are most dwellings from the center of New Urbanism Neighborhood

600 to 700 m

what is the preferred street pattern in New Urbanism Neighborhood

grid pattern

what is the minimum width of sidewalks in a New Urbanism Neighborhood

3.0 m

what is a purpose of landscaping elements and straight furnitures in a New Urbanism Neighborhood

to invite pedestrians to sit and enjoy the space

regarding playgrounds in a New Urbanism neighborhood, which statement is true?

Playgrounds are located less than 200 meters from dwellings.

Where should elementary schools (and possibly high schools) be located in relation to homes in a New Urbanism neighborhood?

close enough for most childrens to walk from their homes

what is a key characteristic of streets and sidewalks in a New Urbanism Neighborhood

they are covered with rules of trees and other landscaping elements

how is parking accommodated in a New Urbanism Neighborhood

parallel parking is allowed along streets, with trees between designated spaces.

how are buildings in the neighborhood center positioned

buildings are placed close to the street, creating a well defined "outdoor room"

how are storefronts built in relation to sidewalks

store france are built close to the sidewalk, with wide window openings and visible entrance

where is parking typically located in New Urbanism Neighborhood

regulated to underground, multi level structures, or to the rear of the buildings, usually accessed by alleys

what types of buildings are often located at the termination of street vistas or in neighborhood center

civic buildings

in area with significant bodies of water,how are buildings typically oriented

buildings are built facing the water

how a neighborhood governance structured in a New Urbanism setting

organize the bee self governing, with a formal association deciding matters of maintenance, security and physical change

what is a primary focus of New Urbanism redevelopment strategies

for developing blightened areas particularly in inner cities

strategy used when the development is no longer an option while still avoiding further physical expansion. it is the best utilization of existing infrastructure. always be essential part of a regions growth policy vary in sizes and shaped,raging from surface parking lots to large open space between built up areas

infill

urban and suburban infil cannot be accommodate in the quantity or rate of growth of a region, new growth area are satellite towns may be considered. this area are easiest to develop with transit and pedestrian oriented patterns however this may be also spread the city size

new towns

when planning you towns to accommodate population growth, which approach is considered

considering satellite towns or infield development within existing region

seaside,florida is notable for its

strong sense of community with a variety of dwelling units close together

The Jackson-Taylor Revitalization Plan in San Jose, California, involved:

redeveloping an industrial area with new housing and commercial uses

Laguna West, California is characterized by:

a well defined town center with public spaces and civic and commercial uses

Kentlands, Maryland is an example of:

medium density housing development

according to the master plan,what elements are combined within each of the six neighborhoods

residential, office, civic, cultural, retail usage

-in 1913 he won a competition for the replanning of Dublin -founder of the Town Planning Review -in 1944 he published his Greater London Plan

Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie

-author of the book "Design of Cities" (1967), which serves as a reference for urban designers. - architect designer instrumental in the emergence of Shanghai China

Edmund Norwood Bacon

-designer of Cité Industrielle, designed between 1898 and 1904 -conceptualize distinct functional zoning throughout a large development his ideas have been discerned in many suburban developments in europe

Tony Garnier

- his mark in planning circles is made by his extensive contribution to fresh thought on the shape and location of contemporary human communities -author of the book "Cities in Evolution" (1915)

Sir Patrick Geddes

his invention of the residential layout in which slab blocks of lots are placed laterally or obliquely to a street rather than parallel with it. presented this layout in his book "The New Architecture and the Bauhaus"(1935)

Walter Gropius

-planner and author who has pioneer the development in America of both regional and city center pedestrian shopping areas -planner of Northland Center near Detroit and Southdale Center in Minneapolis, with shops clustered at the center and encircled with car parks, and place on each side of a strip

Victor Gruen

-american author informer associate editor of Architectural Forum -author of the book "The death and life of Great American Cities"(1962) -concentrated on how people actually behave and not how designers intended them to

Jane Jacobs

-American architect noted for his imaginative sequence of plants and the development of Philadelphia -put emphasis on unitarian elements of a city structure,and made them focal point of his conceptually designed cities.

Louis Kahn

-believe the housing development should blend in with the neighboring city to produce a change of character but not a shock. -propose the planning concept of "differentiation without division" -conceptualization to original plan of Chandigarh

Albet Mayer

-influential American writer on planning and sociology -his first book on planning "The Story of Utopias "(1922) - a recurring theme in his writing is the need to take a "long running start in history in order to solve the problem of today" -has consistently advocated the regional city and the balance neighborhood as the solution to the problems of the congested and overgrown city

Lewis Mumford

-believe in curving forms, rather than formal grid patterns -designer of London Park Crescent and Regent's Park

John Nash

- author, planner and propagandist. he has acquired an international reputation for she sustained and tireless espousal of the principle behind Howard's Garden City idea -advocate that this garden city principles be accepted as integral elements of government planning policies

Sir Frederic James Osborn

-earn his place in history of planning by the legislation which he introduced into parliament while minister of town and country planning form 1945-1950 -introduce The New Towns act of 1946 & The Town and Country Planning act of 1947

Lewis Silkin

- Austrian art historian and writer of the book "Der Stãdtebau nach seinen künstlerischen Grundsätzen" (City Planning According to Artistic Principles) -had a distaste for the regular and classical mode of town planning

Camillo Sitte

architect and planner who analyze major cities of the world's industrialized countries, finding that characteristically they compromise about 15% of countries population -his recognition of the phenomenon was the beginning of his creator design to rebuild tokyo for 15 million people

Kenzo Tange

-undoubtedly the most famous architect planner of antiquity -the fourth and seven chapter of his book "De Architectura" are concerned generally with town planning and embodied fundamental principles for the layout and form of whole towns. -this principles have been the main reference to classical architecture and planning during the renaissance time

Vitruvius

-an early advocate of formalism in town planning highlighted by simple curve buildings -designer of the Royal Circus and the Royal Crescent in Bath, England

John Wood

-credited for rebuilding London after the great fire of 1966 - the stock exchange building was the symbolic focal point of his plan,instead of the traditional palace or cathedral

Christopher Wren

"the art of arranging structures on the land and shaping the shapes between; an art linked to architecture,engineering,landscape architecture and city planning" by Kevin Lynch

site planning

"the art and science of arranging the uses of portions of land.this uses our designate in detail by selecting and analyzing sites, forming land use plans,organizing vehicular and pedestrian circulation. developing visual form and materials concepts,re-adjusting the existing landforms by design grading,providing proper drainage and developing the construction details necessary to carry out the projects" - A Guide to Site and Environmental Planning, 1980 by Harvey M. Rubenstein

site planning

the critical thinking process of research, analysis and synthesis that makes a major contribution to the formation of design decisions

site planning

made from existing projects, books photograph or experiment; a program is formulated and the elements required to develop the project is listed

research

flight considering existing natural and man-made features to determine inherent qualities that gives a site its personality.

analysis

selects aside that suits best the given use and requirements of the project

site selection process

selects the best use & development suited for a given site

development suitability process

which of these is NOT a natural factor considered in site analysis

sociality

which of these is NOT a cultural factor considered in site analysis

wildlife

which of these is NOT an aesthetic factor considered in site analysis

traffic and transit

is the natural science that studies the Earth-its composition; the processes that shaped its surface and its history. Earth is made up of rock (including soil, sand, silt, and dust) rocks are composed of minerals

geology

rocks produced by crystallization from a liquid

igneous rocks

when ingenious rocks are exposed to surface and weathering reduces them two particles,these particles are moved by erosion process and deposited into rivers and oceans

sedimentary rocks

when sedimentary rocks are push two deeper levels of the earth,the transformation is due to change in pressure and temperature

metamophosed rocks

when rocks are broken down (weathered) into small fragments, and carried by wind, water, eyes and gravity. energy for this process is solar and gravitational

soil erosion

branch of geology that deals with the origin,nature and distribution of landform

geomorphology

refers to the description of landforms

physiography

irregularities on the earth's surface,derived from volcanic,racial or erosional process

landforms

which of these is NOT the requirement of basic geomorphologic information

climate

the primary purpose of soil survey in site planning is to

establish relationship between soil composition and land uses

soil composition primarily consists of

mineral particles,organic matter,water and air

which soil type generally provides the greatest stability for building foundation

sand and gravel particles

"bearing capacity" refers to

a soil's resistance to penetration from a weighted object

what is the allowable bearing value (psf) for massive crystalline bedrock (eg. granite, gneiss)

200,000 psf

which soil material has the lowest allowable bearing value.

fill, organic material or silt

the allowable bearing value for sedimentary rocks (shale, sandstone)

30,000 psf

quantity varies radically in soils,it's got a structure of organic particles is usefully weak, but it is important in soil fertility, moist absorption and retention, use in landscaping

organic matter

this content various with particle sizes, local drainage, topography, and climate. it occupies space between the particles; in organic soil, they absorb measurable amount

water

is a term used to describe the composite size of particles in the soil sample. to measure soil texture the sand, silt, clay particles, are sorted out and weighed

texture

soil scientists used to basic terms for texture, at the center. intermediate mixture of 40% sand 40% silti ,24% clay

loam

usually refers to a soil's ability to transfer this gravity water downward, and that the soil is not conducive to prolong period of situation

good drainage

which is the rate at which water penetrates the soil surface (usually measured in cm or inches per hour)

infitration capacity

which is the rate at which water within the soil moves through a given volume of material (also measured in cm or inches per hour)

permeability

which is the rate at which water in soil fit or pipe within the soil up by the soil (use mainly in wastewater absorption test and measured in inches per hour)

percolation

is when the soul frequently a permanently saturated and may often have water standing on it. sore saturation may be caused by the local accumulation of surface water or arise in the level of groundwater within the soil column because the particles in the soil are too small to transmit infiltration

poor drainage

slope profile or i silhouette of a slope thrown to known portion with distance on horizontal axis and elevation on the vertical axis. the vertical axis is often exaggerated to is construction and accentuate topography detail

slope form

for any earth materials there is a maximum angle at which it can be safely inclined beyond which it will fail is also called

angle of response

name the four basic slope form

Straight, S-shape, Concove, Convex

angle of response for various types of slope materials match the slope angle for: - Loose clay (saturated) _____&_____ - Sand (well drained) _______ - Boulders & Cobbles ________ - Compact clay (well drained) _______ - Bedrock (consolldated) _______ & _______ - Loam (well drained) ________&_________ - Looses (well drained) _______&_______ - Sand or Loam (forested) _______&______

25° and 15°, 33°, 45° and 35°, 40° and 40°, 90° to 65°, 45° and 35°, 90° and 50°, 50° and 36°

a map of portion of the earth that describe a shape of the earth's surface by contour lines

topographic map

our imaginary lines that join points of equal elevation on the surface of the land above or below a reference surface such as the mean sea level. it is possible to measure the height of mountains,depths of the ocean bottomsand steepness of slopes

contours

comprise of lines called contours, connecting points of equal elevation. in the modern mapping programs, as the one practice by the US Geological survey, the contours are drawn from specially prepared set of aerial photographs. this photograph and optical apparatus used to view them enable the mapper to see an enlarged, three dimensional image of the terrain, based on the image, the mapper is enable the mapper to trace a line, the contour, on to the terrain at the prescribed elevation

contour maps

is an analytical process made on a topographic map that produces an overall pattern of slopes which helps a site planner in determining the business for various portion of the site, along with the feasibility of construction.process involves breaking down of topographic integrates which are categorized

slope analysis

100

Which slope range is described as "mild steep slopes"

15 - 20%

Building laws Part 1

Mari Alberca · 100問 · 1年前

Building laws Part 1