Building Materials - Wood Part 1

通報

問題一覧

Come from the conifers (evergreens) which have needles instead leave

softwood

Come from the broad leave of the deciduous tree most timber of this kind

hardwood

Is the only major construction material that is organic in origin and a renewable material. Has relatively equal compression and tensile strength properties parallel to the grain

timber

Is the hardest wood in the philippines also known as iron wood. It is classified rare and endangered.

mangkono

Is the most expensive and known for its dark color also considered as iron wood and is known as the Philippine Ebony critically endangered

kamagong

Is also a traditional type flooring and furnitures species but it's also in an endangered species, one of the hardest but has a fine texture that makes it smooth to touch and harder than narra

molave

Is a very popular tropical wood has stones that range from yellow to red classified as endangered and vulnerable

narra

Inchudes the softer woods which are relatively free from splitting when being nailed, have a moderate nail-holding power, moderte strength as a beam, and moderate shock resisting capacity

Group I

Easy to work, holds nails very well and finishes very highly. In demand for paneling not only for its beautiful texture, but also for its lasting qualities. Can be used for practically all uses of black walnut and has the further advantage of its greater resistance to decay

Akle

Hand to saw on account of its hardness, otherwise fairly easy to work. It holds nails will it takes and a higher finish. Very durable even in contact with the ground. For general high-grade construction, salt-water piling, posts beams, rafters, flooring, interior, finish, wharf and bridge building and other use where strength and durability are important. It's essentially a Structuraly timber

Aranga

Very durable, even when exposed to weather or in contact with the ground. Resistant to marine wood borers. Used for wharf and bridge construction, ships, posts, foundation sills, railroad ties, and other constructions where strength and durability are required.

Bansalagin

Easy to work, holds nails well, and polishes very highly. A very durable wood when used for interior work; it doesn't last when in contact with the ground or exposed to weather. Used for veneer (Dao veneer is sold as French walnut in European markets), furniture, cabinet work, paneling, and flooring.

Dao

For a hard wood, it's not difficult to work; finishes very highly. A very durable wood exposed to the weather and in contact with the ground; very resistant to termites.Used a great deal for house construction due to its strength and resistance to decay and insects.

Ipil

Widely distributed throughout the Philippines but unfortunately, is in short supply.

Narra

ls generally associated with slow-growing and ill-formed trees.

Red narra

Somewhat hard to work due to the interlocking grain and hardness of the wood. Rather difficult to saw and plane but holds nails very well and finishes very highly. Very resistant to insects and moderately durable for uses exposed to the weather. Used in high-grade construction, flooring, paneling, door and window casings, high-grade furniture, and bowling alleys; most uses requiring hard, fine-textured wood with beautiful grain

Supa

Rather hard to saw on account of its hardness holds nails well and takes a high finish. A very durable wood even when exposed to the weather and in contact with the ground. This is one of the finest Philippine cabinet woods. It is used

Tindalo

What type of wood is known for its strength, durability, resistance to termites, and ability to hold nails well, making it suitable for posts, flooring, beams, and bridges?

Yakal

This type of wood is known for being easy to work with, holding nails very well, and is very durable for interior work, making it suitable for doors, window frames, and furniture. However, it's only moderately durable when in contact with the ground.

Kalamansanai

This hardwood is not difficult to work with, holds nails well, and glues and stains satisfactorily. While not durable in contact with the ground, it's long-lasting for interior use. Its sapwood is susceptible to powder post beetles and dry wood termites. It's often used for frames in building construction and furniture making.

Kalamansanai

This hardwood is not difficult to saw or surface, but its sapwood is perishable. It's similar to Yakal Blanco and can be used for similar purposes as Yakal or Molave.

Narig

This type of wood works and finishes fairly well, holds nails fairly, and has good gluing and staining qualities. It's often used for posts and frames of houses, flooring (when well-seasoned), and is the standard wood for any type of piling.

Apitong

This wood holds nails well and glues and stains satisfactorily. It is very durable for interior finish but not durable when in contact with the ground.

Palosapis

This wood, also known as "red lauan mahogany" or "Philippine Red Mahogany," is a popular timber used for furniture, cabinet work, veneer, plywood, sash, and millwork. It works easily, glues and holds nails well, takes stains readily, and finishes very highly. While very durable for interior work, it is not resistant to decay.

Red Lauan

This commercially popular wood is moderately hard and comparatively light. It works well, holds nails satisfactorily, glues fast, and takes most stains readily, finishing very highly. It resembles genuine mahogany in grain and texture and is durable for interior work, but not when exposed to weather or in contact with the ground.

Tanguile

This wood is one of the most abundant in the Philippines. It works well, stains and glues satisfactorily, and is durable for interior work only. It's often used for furniture, cabinet making, and interior finishes.

White Lauan

This wood is exported to the U.S. as light red Philippine mahogany, but in the Manila market it's sold as white lauan. It holds nails fairly well, takes stains readily, and is susceptible to a high finish. Durable for interior work but not in contact with the ground, it's used for furniture and interior work of all kinds, especially where a moderately hard and comparatively light wood with a beautiful "ribbon" figure is desired.

Almon

This lumber should be sound and thoroughly seasoned, warp-free, and treated with a preservative. It's used for ceiling joists, nailers, and other wooden members hidden from view.

Apitong

This lumber should be kiln-dried, treated, S4S, sound, hard, and free from defects. It should be a consistent color or shade and have a maximum moisture content of 12% for lumber 1" thick or less, and 16% for thicker lumber. It's used for framing counters, closets, and cabinets, as well as edgings, trims, and moldings.

Tanguile

This lumber is generally used for plates, corbels, struts, and other components of wood-based structures that require strong, non-resistant wood capable of firmly holding nails or other connectors.

Yakal

Includes the harder soft woods which have greater nail-holding power than the Group I woods, as well as greater strength and shock resisting capacity. These group woods are more inclined to split, the grain often deflects nails and causes them to run out at the side of the piece

Group II

Includes the medium density hardwoods, These are similar to Group II woods in nails-holding power and strength as a beam, but have fewer tendencies to split and shatter under impact

Group III

Includes the true hardwoods which have the greatest shock resistance and nail-holding power, are extremely strong, but are very susceptible to splitting. They are the heaviest and hardest woods and are difficult to work with.

Group IV

What is the softer, younger, outer portion of a tree located between the cambium and the heartwood, characterized by being more permeable, less durable, and usually lighter in color?

Sapwood

What is the older, harder, central portion of a tree, typically darker in color than the surrounding wood, and composed of inactive cells that provide structural support.

Heartwood

What is a knot called when its annual rings are not intergrown with the surrounding wood, potentially loosening or falling out due to partial or complete encasement

Dead knot (or Encased Knot, Loose Knot)

What is any deviation from a flat or true surface of a wooden board or panel, often caused by uneven drying or changes in moisture content

Warp

What specific type of warp describes a curvature along the edge of a wood piece, effectively making the edge either convex or concave lengthwise

Crook (also called springing or bend)

What type of warp describes a curvature along the length of a wood piece, where the face is either convex or concave longitudinally

Bow

What type of warp describes a curvature across the width of a wood piece, making the face either convex or concave across the board's width

Cup

What type of warp results from the edges of a wood piece twisting in opposite directions, causing one corner to be raised

Twist (also called winding)

What type of lumber cut is defined by being sawn tangent to the annual rings (or growth rings) or, in commercial practice, at an angle between 0° and 45° to the annual rings, and is often preferred for applications where a visually appealing pattern is desired, such as wall paneling

Plainsawing (or plainsawn lumber)

This is one of the properties of the woods that is measured by the compression to which a piece of timber undergoes when a weight is applied to it

hardness

The maximum amount of deflection a piece will be subjected to before breaking. Most of the hardwoods are flexible while softwoods are generally brittle, susceptible to breaking

flexibility

The ability of wood to withstand undue pressure and stress when subjected to

strength

This is the property of wood to retain its intrinsic qualities over a long period of time

durability

The decomposition of wood by fungi and other microorganisms, resulting in softening, loss of strength and weight and often a change in texture and color

decay

A decay of seasoned timber caused by fungi that consume the cellulose leaving a soft, brittle skeleton readily reduced to powder

dry rot

These are cracks are lengthwise separation across the annual rings of growth by irregular shrinkage during drying. This is formed when the circumference shrinks more than the interior section of the log

checks

A separation along the grain of a wood piece, usually between the annual rings, caused by stresses on a tree while standing or during felling. These are cracks between and parallel to the annual rings of the growth

shakes

These are well-defined openings between annual rules of a softwood, containing or having one's content solid or liquid pitch

pitch pockets

A check that extends completely through a board or veneer also called through check, A longitudinal separation of the fibers which extends to the opposite face of a sawn timber

split

The presence of pork or absence of wood at a corner or along an edge of a piece. This is the lack of wood on the edge or corner of a piece

wane

These are irregular growth of the body of a tree which interrupt the smoot curve of the grain. The fibers of the tree are turned from their normal courses and growth around the knot at that point of the tree

knots

A not that is solid across it's face, at least as hard as the surrounding wood and undecayed

sound knot

A knot having anal rings intergrown with those of the surrounding woods

live knot

A knot health firmly in place by growth or position

tight knot

A localized crook often due to a knot

kink

An area on the surface of a caused by overheating of the cutting blades or abrasive belts during shaping or finishing of a material

skip

Refers to a wood that is cut radially to the annual rings of growth parallel to rays or in commercial practice, cut with the annual growth ring at the angle 45° to 90°

quartersawing

This Iumber is usually chosen because it shrinks less than the plainsawn lumber, and this is important in architectural details where joints must be kept tight

quartersawn

Lumber is usually used with op to avoid the flecks that are common in the species. The annular rings board are about 30°-60° to the face of the, but 40° is the most optimum

rift sawn

Name the wood defects

bow, crook, kink, cup, twist

Wood that is sawn directly and used in construction. Also known Framing Lumber

Lumber

This is lumber whose piece are less than 2 in thick but less than 8 in wide

strips

Refers to the lumber whose piece are less than 2 inches (25mm) thick but at least 8 inches wide or more

board lumber

Refers to the lumber whose pieces are more than 2" (50mm) but less than 5 " (127mm) in any dimension

dimension lumber

Dimension lumber is used for:

Balloon Frame, Platform Frame

What are the widths available for lumber?

4", 6", 8", 10", 12"

A piece of lumber measuring inches is commonly called:

2x4

This lumber whose piece are 5" (127mm) are more on its smallest dimension size. It is usually used for beams, lentils, columns, post

Timber

Is the size of lumber (rough dimensions) when it is cut from the log, also known as rough lumben

Nominal size

What does S2S stand for in lumber processing

Surfaced on two sides

If a 2x4 piece of lumber is surfaced on four sides (S4S), what is its actual size

1-3/4 x 3-3/4

What are the standard lengths in which lumber is sold

6 feet to 20 feet in increments of 2 feet

How is a board foot defined

A piece of wood 1" thick, 12" wide, and 12" long

What is "free water" in wood

Water found in cell cavities and intercellular voids

At what moisture content is the "fiber-saturation point" reached

30%

What happens to wood when moisture content goes below the fiber-saturation point

It shrinks

What is the condition of dryness of wood called

Equilibrium moisture content (E.M.C.)

In the Philippines, what is the typical range of equilibrium moisture content in wood

12% - 16%

Is the process of removing moisture from green wood (wood from freshly- cut logs)

seasoning

This is the process in which the lumber is exposed to the air to remove it's moisture content. Proper aeration must be observed to ensure that each piece undergoes complete seasoning

air-drying

This is the process by which warm moist air or superheated steam is used to heat the wood and drive out its moisture content

kiln-drying

What cause the formation of molds, stains and decay in wood

fungi

What's the ideal moisture level to prevent fungus damage or attack

at least 20% moisture content or less

Termites that leave in the ground and built earthen tubes took reach their food, cellulose which includes food primarily but also paper and pulp products. In general, a complete barrier must be made between the wood and possible earthen tubes of termites

subterranean termite

The only relatively permanent method of arresting attack is to use lumber that has been given full-length termite proofing with wood preservatives. Attention to structural features and sanitation are also important.

Non-Subterranean termites

Use wood for shelter rather than for food, but if they are not found and are left undisturbed they can do extensive damage. They convert wood to powder, shredded fibers or pellets. Their channels are likely to cut across the grain. The damage to wood by the various marine organisms, mollusks and crustaceans in salt water or brackish water is best arrested by heavy, thorough treatment with coal-tar creosote or creosote-coal tar solutions.

Carpenter Ants and Powder-Pest Beetles

Used to forestall attack by decay, fungi, harmful insects and marine borers are divided into two general groups

Wood preservatives

Black or brownish oil made from distilling coal tar. Advantages are: highly toxicity to wood-destroying organisms; insolubility in water; ease of application. Disadvantages are its strong, unpleasant odor, cannot be painted, easily ignited when first applied.

Coal-tar creosotes

A product from wood oil, and, water gas but have the same advantage as the coal-tar creosotepreservative path is less effective when used for railway ties, mine timbers, poles, foundation piles, marine piles and bulkheads

creosetes

A mixture of petroleum oils and 5% pentachlorophenol. Has high protection against decay fungi and termites; can be painted; has no unpleasant odor; is less easily ignited than coal-tar creosotes.

Pentachlorophenol

Gives protection against decay, insects and fire; can be painted on; has no objectionable odor. Disadvantages are: wood cannot be used in contact with the ground or water

Chromated Zinc Chloride (CZC)

Both are dissolved in water for pressure treating, producing a product that is clean and odorless. Both preservatives bond with the wood after pressure treating in a chemical process known as fixation, producing treated wood that is highly leach-resistant and safe to use in applications with regular human contact.

Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) & Ammoniacal Copper Arsenate (ACA)

copper salts dissolved in water and applied to wood by their either by brushing painting or pressure impregnation

waterborne salt

Consists in placing the wood in cylinders into which the preservative is pumped under pressure

Pressure treatment

This consists first in placing the wood in a bath of hot preservative for an hour or more. It is then withdrawn and quickly placed in a bath of cold preservative. This is generally used for creosote preservative

Hot and Cold Bath Method

Involves the immersing of the wood in a hot preservative for a short time and letting it dry before being used

dipping

100

Involves the application of preservatives by manual brushing usually down on site before or after installation of wood

brushing

Building laws Part 1

Building laws Part 1

Building laws Part 2

Mari Alberca · 99問 · 1年前

Building laws Part 2

99問 • 1年前

Building laws Part 3

Building laws Part 3

Building laws Part 4

Building laws Part 4

Building Iaws Part 5

Building Iaws Part 5

Building Iaws Part 6

Building Iaws Part 6

Building Iaws Part 7

Mari Alberca · 48問 · 1年前

Building Iaws Part 7

48問 • 1年前

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 1

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 1

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 2

Mari Alberca · 99問 · 1年前

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 2

99問 • 1年前

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 3

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 3

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 5

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 5

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 6

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 6

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 7

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 7

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 8

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 8

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 9

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 9

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 10

Mari Alberca · 30問 · 1年前

Architectural Design & Site Planning Part 10

30問 • 1年前

Mari Alberca · 105問 · 1年前

Plumbing Part 1

Plumbing Part 1

105問 • 1年前

Plumbing Part 2

Plumbing Part 2

Mari Alberca · 104問 · 1年前

Plumbing Part 3

Plumbing Part 3

104問 • 1年前

Plumbing Part 4

Plumbing Part 4

Plumbing Part 5

Plumbing Part 5

Mari Alberca · 101問 · 1年前

Plumbing Part 6

Plumbing Part 6

101問 • 1年前

Building Material Part 1

Mari Alberca · 99問 · 1年前

Building Material Part 1

99問 • 1年前

Building Material Part 2

Building Material Part 2

Building Material Part 3

Building Material Part 3

Mari Alberca · 104問 · 1年前

Building Materials - Sitework

Building Materials - Sitework

104問 • 1年前

Building Materials - Concrete Part 1

Building Materials - Concrete Part 1

Mari Alberca · 110問 · 1年前

Building Materials - Concrete Part 2

Building Materials - Concrete Part 2

110問 • 1年前

Mari Alberca · 110問 · 1年前

Building Materials - Concrete Part 3

Building Materials - Concrete Part 3

110問 • 1年前

Building Materials - Masonry Part 1

Building Materials - Masonry Part 1

Structural Conceptualization Part 1

Mari Alberca · 96問 · 1年前

Structural Conceptualization Part 1

96問 • 1年前

Structural Conceptualization Part 2

Structural Conceptualization Part 2

Structural Conceptualization Part 3

Structural Conceptualization Part 3

Structural Conceptualization Part 4

Structural Conceptualization Part 4

Structural Conceptualization Part 5

Mari Alberca · 46問 · 1年前

Structural Conceptualization Part 5

46問 • 1年前

Theory of Architecture Part 1

Theory of Architecture Part 1

Theory of Architecture Part 2

Theory of Architecture Part 2

Theory of Architecture Part 3

Theory of Architecture Part 3

Theory of Architecture Part 4

Theory of Architecture Part 4

Professional Practice

Mari Alberca · 79問 · 1年前

Professional Practice

79問 • 1年前

Mock Exam 1

Mari Alberca · 27問 · 1年前

Mock Exam 1

27問 • 1年前

Great Buildings

Mari Alberca · 72問 · 1年前

Great Buildings

72問 • 1年前

Electrical & Mechanical Part 1

Mari Alberca · 91問 · 1年前

Electrical & Mechanical Part 1

91問 • 1年前

Filipino Architect

Mari Alberca · 60問 · 1年前

Filipino Architect

60問 • 1年前

Electrical & Mechanical Part 2

Mari Alberca · 26問 · 1年前

Electrical & Mechanical Part 2

26問 • 1年前

Ph Architecture

Mari Alberca · 22問 · 1年前

Ph Architecture

22問 • 1年前

vernacular terms filipino

Mari Alberca · 96問 · 1年前

vernacular terms filipino

96問 • 1年前

Tropical design

Tropical design

Tropical design 2

Tropical design 2

Tropical design 3

Tropical design 3

Tropical design 4

Mari Alberca · 46問 · 1年前

Tropical design 4

46問 • 1年前

Building Materials - Masonry Part 2

Mari Alberca · 56問 · 1年前

Building Materials - Masonry Part 2

56問 • 1年前

Building Materials - Aluminum Part 1

Building Materials - Aluminum Part 1

Building Materials - Aluminum Part 2

Mari Alberca · 98問 · 1年前

Building Materials - Aluminum Part 2

98問 • 1年前

Building Materials - Wood Part 2

Mari Alberca · 70問 · 1年前

Building Materials - Wood Part 2

70問 • 1年前

Mari Alberca · 101問 · 1年前

Building Materials - Plastic Part 1

Building Materials - Plastic Part 1

101問 • 1年前

Mari Alberca · 141問 · 1年前

Building Materials - Thermal and Moisture Protection

Building Materials - Thermal and Moisture Protection

141問 • 1年前

Mari Alberca · 107問 · 1年前

Building Materials - Doors

Building Materials - Doors

107問 • 1年前

HOA - Ancient Architecture

Mari Alberca · 42問 · 1年前

HOA - Ancient Architecture

42問 • 1年前

HOA - Western Asia

Mari Alberca · 80問 · 1年前

HOA - Western Asia

80問 • 1年前

HOA - Ancient Egypt

Mari Alberca · 90問 · 1年前

HOA - Ancient Egypt

90問 • 1年前

Mari Alberca · 232問 · 1年前

HOA - Ancient Greek

HOA - Ancient Greek

232問 • 1年前

Building Materials - Windows

Mari Alberca · 75問 · 1年前

Building Materials - Windows

75問 • 1年前

Mari Alberca · 138問 · 1年前

Buildings Materials - Hardwares

Buildings Materials - Hardwares

138問 • 1年前

Mari Alberca · 149問 · 1年前

Buildings Materials - Hardwares (Images)

Buildings Materials - Hardwares (Images)

149問 • 1年前

Mari Alberca · 119問 · 1年前

Buildings Materials - Finish Hardwares

Buildings Materials - Finish Hardwares

119問 • 1年前

Mari Alberca · 156問 · 1年前

Buildings Materials - Finish Hardwares (Images)

Buildings Materials - Finish Hardwares (Images)

156問 • 1年前

Building Materials - Glass & Glazing

Mari Alberca · 69問 · 1年前

Building Materials - Glass & Glazing

69問 • 1年前

Mari Alberca · 178問 · 1年前

HOA - Roman

HOA - Roman

178問 • 1年前

HOA - Mesoamerica

Mari Alberca · 20問 · 1年前

HOA - Mesoamerica

20問 • 1年前

Building Material - Glass & Glazing (Images)

Mari Alberca · 25問 · 1年前

Building Material - Glass & Glazing (Images)

25問 • 1年前

Mari Alberca · 181問 · 1年前

Building Materials - Finishes

Building Materials - Finishes

181問 • 1年前

HOA - Byzantine

Mari Alberca · 77問 · 1年前

HOA - Byzantine

77問 • 1年前

Building Materials - Finishes (Images)

Mari Alberca · 39問 · 1年前

Building Materials - Finishes (Images)

39問 • 1年前