Refers to the result to large improvement in the average performance of the F1 progeny over that of the parents.

It was developed in the Netherlands by a group of breeding companies called TOPIGS. The foundation breed is the Pietrain along with Largewhite and Landrace

The top five major producing regions

Is defined as the change in performance of the crossbred progeny over the average of the parental breeds

It is a system of breeding wherein an inferior breed is improved by continued crossing.

This are the results of a combination of the good characteristics traits of superior genetics breeds.

These are the methods employed by breeders for breeding animals.

First develop in Denmark for the production of bacon.

Selecting Boars

This are the breeding of closely-related animals.

is a systematic way of choosing the desired characteristics of pigs for breeding purposes.

is used to improve the common stock.

This is practiced to combine traits of different breeds. .

Starts with feeder/ weanlings and carries them to slaughter weight of about 80 to 95 kg.

In this method, selection is done on the basis of the individual's record of inheritance.

operation also starts with pregnant gilt/ sow to produce the feeder pigs/ weanlings, which grows until slaughter weight is achieved.

operations starts with pregnant gilt/ sow to produce pigs/ weanlings and sold to other raisers who grows them until marketable weight is achieved.

it is intermediate between the lard and the bacon type of swine.

There are five strains of pigs developed and documented in the Philippines that contained genes of native pigs:

Philippine warty pig

White in color. Large litters Have erect ears Good mothering ability Excellent milkers Strong legs Adapt well to confinement

Pietrain, Belgium, the village from which the breed takes its name, was the birthplace of the breed.

This breed is common particularly in China. It is black in color Well-known for its prolificacy, early sexual maturity ranging from 2.5 to 3 months and large litter size (15 to 16 piglets)

In a herd, it is common to cull at a rate of __ to __ percent.

This breed is known as “muscle pigs” because of its outstanding muscle development in the ham, loin and shoulder. Spotted black and white color Ears are erect The back fat is very thin and its mothering ability is well within acceptable level.

White in color Longest breed of swine with 16 to 17 ribs. Known for its prolificacy and mothering ability under Philippine condition. Have superior drooping ears Heavy milkers Excellent litter size

Have a solid colors ranging from very high light golden to very dark red that approaches the color of mahogany. Superior in terms of growth rate and feed efficiency. Good muscle quality and resistant to stress. Good resistance against rugged condition.

This is the system recommended for the production of slaughter pigs

Common Pure breeds

Palawan bearded pig

This are the systems of mating animals to produce a pure breed or a crossbreed.

This breed originated from Yorkshire and neighboring countries of Northern England.

Selecting Gilts

Success Triangle Program

A hybrid developed by PIC 35 years ago and the name become synonymous with prolificacy. known of its docile temperament, good mothering ability to rear large numbers of lean fast growing piglets, and stress negative.

This breed have white belt around the shoulder and body including the foreleg. They are adapted to rugged conditions Ears are erect, shoulders are smooth and legs are short. They are prolific

Originated from South Central England, principally in the countries Berkshire and Wiltshire.

Process of choosing certain animals to be parents of future generations

This is done to maintain the production supply of the breed.

Continuous __________ is not recommendable due to its negative effect on the production performance of the animal.

common in the province of Batangas. It is the result from Native Pig (Batangas)+ Duroc

result from corssing Native Pig (Ilocos) + Berkshire or Poland China breeds.

System of mating is particularly important in pig improvement since use of the correct system can greatly increase production.

mating with the use of three different breeds.

The best boar gets the best sows, while the weak, sickly and poor ones usually die naturally and have lower chances of breeding other animals. As time goes on, the herd is getting better ("survival of the fittest").

It is commonly used among native breeds. The native breeds are usually crossed with pure breeds of swine.

Methods of Selection

This is done to purify the blood line of the animals since the similarity of the animals within the group is increased

Two types of culling

This method establishes minimum standards for each character, and selecting simultaneously but independently for each character. This system is most effective when you are considering only a few traits at a time

This procedure is repeated until the resulting offsprings approach the characteristics of the purebred.

Two way of selection

Originated from Southern England.

There is intervention of man in this selection. Man himself chooses which pig can be used for breeding based on his own set of standards.

Strong and weak points of the animals will be exposed under this system.

when to perform selection? Initial evaluation-? Final evaluation -?

They are generally small Mature females weigh about 30 to 40 kilograms Boars weigh about 40 to 50 kilograms. Average height is 55 cm Body length is about 80 cm. Body measures at the shoulder is 16 cm. Color of their body are generally black.

mating with the use of four different breeds.

A system of breeding wherein animals of the same breed are mated to each other, resulting to the production of pure breeds.

Pig performance is based on ___ of its environment and ___ in its genetics

mating with the use of two different breeds.

Refers to the removal of unwanted animals in the herd. It requires intelligent and careful evaluation of every individual's merit of performance.

Distinct characteristic of this breed is short and sometimes upturned nose. Ears are erect but inclined forward. The color is black with six white spots, four white feet, one on the forehead and another on the switch of the tail.

A hybrid developed by Eurobrid, Netherlands. The product line for sowline and boar line. In the sowline, breeds of Largewhite, Landrace, Meishian were used. For the boar line, Pietrain and Duroc the basic breeds used in the line.

Through this system, the breeders are able to acquire the best available genetic materials at reasonable prices.

Pointers in Culling Boars and Gilts/ Sow

operation also starts with pregnant gilt/ sow to produce the breeder stocks, specifically junior boars and replacement gilts.

Hybrids

originated in the Eastern United States and in the Corn Belt.

It is known to produce large litters, docile with good mothering ability and rebreeding ability. It is also a productive hybrid developed for intensive systems.

3 Operations of Sow Herd Enterprise

Starts with a young boar, which grows and train to breeder age. The board is used to breed gilts/ sows in the community for a fee.

was develop in 1916 at UP College of Agriculture. This is the result of crossing Native Pig (Jalajala, Rizal) + Berkshire. It has 75% dressing percentage.

Different production system

This refers to that system in which there is selection for only one trait at a time until the desired improvement in that particular trait is reached, following which selection is made for another trait, etc.

Breeding Processes

Breeding of two animals from different breeds.

hybrid vigor also known as?

Crossbreeding can be differentiated as follow

This method combines all important traits into one overall value or index. Theoretically, a selection index provides a more desirable way in which to select for several traits than either tandem method or independent culling method.

it is the result from crossing the Native Pig (Batangas) + Berkshire