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94問 • 1年前

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crop produced by a plant whose entire life cycle is completed within a single growing season

annual crop

Inputs composed of natural materials that can be decomposed by bacteria or other biological means and includes compost, green manure, and plant and animal wastes

biodegradable inputs

Variety of life forms and ecosystem types on earth. It includes genetic diversity (i.e., diversity within species), species diversity (i.e., the number and variety of species), and ecosystem diversity (total number of ecosystem types)

biodiversity

Selection of plants (including hybridization) to produce and/or to further develop desired varieties/strains/breeds

breeding

clearly defined and identifiable boundary area bordering an organic production site that is established to prevent the introduction of, or contact with, prohibited substances from an adjacent area

buffer zone

the procedure by which a competent authority agency or an OCB provides written or equivalent assurance that farms, or production and processing systems, conform to organic standards as mandated by the amended Organic Agriculture Act of 2010

certification

intentional or unintentional mixing together or the physical contact between organic and non-organic products which are unpackaged or permeably packaged, which leads to a loss of integrity of the organic product during production, processing, transportation, storage, or handling

commingling

contact of organic crops, land, or products with substance that would compromise organic integrity

contamination

Any material, production, or processing practice that is not certified organic

conventional

Time between the start of organic management and certification of the crop production system or site as organic

conversion period

practice of alternating the species or families of annual and/or biennial crops grown on a specific field in a planned pattern or sequence to break weed, pest, and disease cycles and to maintain or improve soil fertility and organic matter content

crop rotation

Process of land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations (e.g., drought) and human activities (e.g., over exploitation of drylands)

desertification

To reduce, by physical or chemical means, the number of potentially harmful microorganisms in the environment to a level that does not compromise food safety or suitability

disinfecting

Total area of land under the control of one farmer or collective of farmers, including all the farming activities or enterprises

farm unit

any substance not normally consumed as a food by itself and not normally used as typical ingredient for the food, whether or not it has nutritive value, the intentional addition of which to food or a technological (including organoleptic) purpose in the manufacture, processing, preparation, treatment, packaging, transport, or holding of such food results, or may reasonably be expected to result, (directly or indirectly) in it or its by-products becoming a component of or otherwise affecting the characteristics of such foods. The term does not include contaminants or substances added to food for maintaining or improving nutritional qualities

food additive

Organisms made with techniques that alter the molecular or cell biology of an organism by means that are not possible under natural conditions or processes. Genetic engineering includes recombinant DNA, cell fusion, micro-, and macro- encapsulation, gene deletion and doubling, introducing a foreign gene, and changing the positions of genes. It shall not include breeding, conjugation, fermentation, hybridization, in-vitro fertilization, and tissue culture

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Crop that is grown and then incorporated into the soil for the purpose of soil improvement, prevention of erosion, prevention of nutrient loss, mobilization and accumulation of plant nutrients, and balancing soil organic matter. Green manure may include spontaneous crops, plants, or weeds

green manure

Area over which a plant species naturally exists. It is also used to indicate types of habitat (e.g., ocean, seashore, riverbank, woodland, and grassland)

habitat

plant that is not woody and with no persistent parts above ground level

herb

Areas that have been identified as having outstanding and critical importance due to their environmental, cultural, socioeconomic, biodiversity, or landscape values

high conservation value areas

Any substance, including an additive, used in the manufacture or preparation of food and present in the final product although possibly in a modified form

ingredient

the examination of farms, food and non-food products, food control systems, raw materials, materials, processing, distribution and retailing, including in-process and finished product testing, in orders to verify that they conform to the requirements for being organic. Inspection includes the examination of the reproduction and processing systems

inspection

Technology using high-energy emissions from radio-nucleotides, such as gamma rays, x-rays, or accelerated electrons, capable of altering a product’s molecular structure for the purpose of controlling microbial contaminants, pathogens, parasites, and pests in products (generally food), preserving products, or inhibiting physiological processes such as sprouting or ripening. Irradiation does not include low-level radiation sources such as the use of X-rays for foreign body detection

irradiation

Individual and separate forms of nutrients

isolated nutrients

Any written, printed, or graphic representation that is present on the label of a product, accompanies the product, or is displayed near the product at the point of sale, for the purpose of promoting its sale or disposal

labeling

holistic production management system which promotes and enhances agroecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity; emphasizes the use of management practices over the use of off-farm inputs; and utilizes cultural, biological, and mechanical methods as opposed to synthetic materials. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation, and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved

organic agriculture

adherence to the principles, objectives, and standards for organic production

organic integrity

any agricultural produce from organic management systems or gathered from nature, and/or handled with post-harvest management

organic produce

product from organic management systems that have been processed for the use as food or feed

organic product

Any product n solid or liquid form, derived from plants or animals that have undergone substantial decomposition that can supply available nutrients to plants with a total Nitrogen (N) - Phosphorus (P2O5) -Potassium (K2O) content of 5% to 10%

organic soil conditioner

organic soil conditioner is any product n solid or liquid form, derived from plants or animals that have undergone substantial decomposition that can supply available nutrients to plants with a total Nitrogen (N) - Phosphorus (P2O5) -Potassium (K2O) content of ?

5% to 10%

situation where the same operation is producing visually indistinguishable products in both organic and non-organic systems. A situation with “organic” and “in conversion” production of the same product may also be parallel production. Parallel production is a special instance of split production

parallel production

Any crop, other than a biennial crop, that can be harvested from the same planting for more than one crop year, or that requires at least one year after planting before harvest

perennial crop

Any substance or material, not including apparatus or utensils, and not consumed as a food ingredient by itself, intentionally used in the processing of raw materials, foods, or its ingredients, to fulfill a certain technical purpose during treatment or processing and which may result in the non-intentional, but unavoidable presence of residues or derivatives in the final product

processing aid

Any treatment that is effective in destroying or substantially reducing the number of vegetative cells of microorganisms of public health concern and other undesirable microorganisms

sanitizing

Increase in salt concentration in an environmental medium, notably soil

salinization

plant material used for the production of food, forage, fibers, industrial crops, oil, flowers, grasses, herbs, and aquatic plants, including but not limited to meristem, and clonal propagules such as tubers, corms, and micro-propagated plantlets

seed

situation where only part of the farm or processing unit is certified as organic. The remainder of the property can be non-organic or in conversion. It is a special case of parallel production

split production

Substance that is formulated or manufactured by a chemical process or by a process that chemically changes a substance extracted from naturally occurring plant, animal, or mineral sources.

synthetic

plants or portions of plants and mushrooms that are collected or harvested from defined sites which are maintained in a natural state and are not cultivated or otherwise managed

wild harvest

There shall be a period of at least ___________ before the start of the production cycle of organic management for annuals

12 months

Conversion period _________ before the first harvest for perennials that meet all the requirements of this Standard before the resulting product can be considered organic.

18 months

The conversion period can be extended based on the identification and evaluation of the competent authority agency or an OCB on the relevant issues and risks such as, but not limited to,

pesticides, heavy metals, and nitrate accumulation.

Depending on the level of risk identified during the farm history and production system evaluation, testing for pesticide residue, heavy metals, soil, or water quality, may be requested. The following government laboratories have the capability to conduct various analyses.

Department of Science and Technology - Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST-ITDI), DA - Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA), DA - Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM)

is a practice of preparing soil for crop cultivation that involves the mechanical alteration of soil properties to create an optimal environment for crop growth

Tillage

This is the first tillage activity after the last harvest, which is normally the most aggressive tillage operation.

primary tillage

This is done after the primary tillage with implements such as disc harrow, rotavator or peg tooth type harrow.

Secondary tillage

are obtained from sources outside the farm and certified,

supplementary organic fertilizers

should comply with the guidelines stated

self-produced organic fertilizers

Single or a combination of raw materials should undergo proper decomposition process to reach a minimum of _______to destroy pathogenic microorganisms.

60°C

_________ contaminated raw materials should be avoided in the production of liquid organic fertilizer and organic plant supplement.

Heavy metal

is a practice of tilling the sloped land along the lines of consistent elevation to minimize and/or prevent soil erosion. Moreover, it stores rainwater through its ridges thus it conserves water

Contour farming

is a temporary ridge or excavated channel (or a combination of both) to reduce volume or the potential erosion by diverting the water around or from an area

Diversion canals

is a vegetated and shallow slope area that infiltrates microbes and runoff materials

Filtration pond/ Filter area

is a clearly defined and identifiable boundary between organic and non-organic area. Buffer zone prevents the introduction of, or contact with, prohibited substances from an adjacent area

Buffers/ Buffer zone

are usually established by planting single, double or triple rows of trees to reduce the wind speed, crop transpiration and unnecessary loss of soil water. Usually, Sugarcane or tall grass species are being used

Windbreaks

covers the surface soil with plant materials such as leaves, grass, twigs, crops residues, and straw, or plastic films. Use of mulch enhances the activity of the soil by protecting the porosity of the soil surface by disrupting the action of raindrops

Mulch

delivers water directly to plant roots, optimizing moisture levels for enhanced productivity. This method prevents disease, reduces weed growth, and proves cost-effective by saving time, money, and water. Additionally, it decreases labor, works effectively on uneven terrain, and minimizes leaching of water and nutrients, contributing to sustainable and water-efficient agricultural practices

Drip irrigation

determines the optimal timing and frequency of irrigation to meet crop water requirements while minimizing water wastage.

Irrigation schedule

is a crucial strategy for sustainable water use in agriculture especially during drought or dry season. This technique involves collecting and storing rainwater; and surface runoff using constructed ponds, reservoirs, or tanks. The stored water sources can provide plants with moisture when needed.

Capturing and storing water

is used to harvest surplus rainfall (runoff) produced in the catchment area and in-situ rainfall, and store the water for subsequent use

On-farm reservoir

occurs in soil that is rich in salt. In low-lying areas, the source of salts is seawater. Salts can also come from irrigation, where the water added to the soil is used by the crop, and the salt is left behind. As a result, the left- over salt accumulates and causes salinization

Salinization

is the process of land degradation that occurs in arid regions, leading to a reduction or loss of biological productivity, ecological integrity, and value to humans

Desertification

, also known as the Philippine Clean Air Act,

Republic Act (RA) No. 8749

is defined as the addition of new crops or cropping systems to an existing farmland. It can also be referred to as the changing of cropping patterns or the expansion of other non-farming activities

Crop diversification

is the practice of alternating the species or families of annual and/or biennial crops grown on a specific field in a planned pattern or sequence to break weed, pest, and disease cycles and to maintain or improve soil fertility and organic matter content

Crop rotation

is the planting of rows of trees and/or shrubs to create alleys within which agricultural or horticultural crops are produced

Alley cropping

is another type of multiple cropping system in which crops are planted on different dates and cultivated together for at least part of their life cycle

Relay cropping

is growing plants with different heights in the same field at the same time utilizing varying heights, root depths, and crop canopy

Multi-storey cropping

is known for its ability to produce compounds that are allelopathic to many species of plant-parasitic nematodes

Marigold

pinawa rice grain with its hulls removed but not polished, regardless if pigmented or not

brown rice

bigas kernels obtained after removal of hull, aleurone layers (bran, pericarp, testa), and germ

milled rice

milled rice obtained from organically grown and processed rice

organic milled rice

rough rice palay unhulled rice grain with the glumes enclosing the kernel

paddy rice

series of activities that grain crops undergo which include harvesting, threshing, hauling, drying, milling, handling, packaging, and storage

postproduction

process of collecting the mature rice crop from the field. Paddy harvesting activities include reaping, stacking, handling, threshing, cleaning, and hauling. These can be done individually or a combine harvester can be used to perform the operations simultaneously

harvesting

process of removing the paddy grains from the panicles

threshing

series of activities starting from grain drying, milling, storage

postharvest

process of removing excess available water from the grain through evaporation by the application of heat

drying

process of removing of hull only, or of hull aleurone layers (bran, pericarp and testa), and germ to obtain kernels

rice milling

removing the hull from the paddy rice, in order to get brown rice

dehulling

whitening removing the aleurone layers (bran, pericarp, testa) and germ from the brown rice to obtain milled rice

polishing

warehousing keeping organic milled rice in a designated area to preserve its quality until the time of disposition

storage

Harvesting shall be done when __________ of the paddy rice grains are mature for shattering varieties

80 % to 85 %

For non-shattering varieties, ripening can be extended up to ?

90 %.

or recycled clean sacks previously used for organic paddy rice shall be used.

Brand new sacks

Organic and conventionally grown paddy rice shall be hauled _______.

separately

The farmer shall haul newly harvested organic paddy rice

immediately after harvest.

Organic and conventionally grown paddy rice shall be dried?

separately

It is recommended in drying organic paddy rice

Mechanical drying

Sun drying is allowed; however, drying in

highways and roads is strictly prohibited

Organic milled rice shall be stored at a maximum of ?

14 % moisture content (MC).

The use of “hooks” is prohibited.

True

First-in, first-out principle shall be observed.

True

Soil Tech Midterm 1

Mutated Lemon · 100問 · 2年前

Soil Tech Midterm 1