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Soil Tech Midterm 1
100問 • 2年前
  • Mutated Lemon
    • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    loose surface of the earth as distinguished from solid bedrock

    Geologic definition

  • 2

    material which nourishes and supports growing plants

    Traditional definition

  • 3

    mixture of mineral matter, organic matter, water and air

    Component definition

  • 4

    collection of natural bodies of the earth’s surface

    Soil Taxonomy Definition

  • 5

    Components of the Soil

    25% Water, 25% Air, 45% Mineral Particle , 5% Organic Matter (10% Organisms, 10% Roots, 80% Humus)

  • 6

    Is the fraction of the soil that consists of plant or animal tissue

    Organic Matter

  • 7

    The Solid phase

    Minerals , Organic Matter

  • 8

    Not the reservoir of nutrient ions except for those that are not adsorbed by the solid phase

    The Liquid Phase

  • 9

    The soil air contains a number of gases of which nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor are the most important.

    The Gaseous Phase

  • 10

    Functions of soil as far as plants are concerned

    Provides anchorage to root enabling plants to stand erec, Acts as a store house of water and nutrients for plant growth, Acts as home of flora and fauna, Provides space for air and accretion

  • 11

    The quality of a soil that enables it to provide essential chemical elements

    Soil Fertility

  • 12

    The capacity of the soil, in its normal environment to support plant growth.

    Soil productivity

  • 13

    The supply and absorption of chemical compounds needed for growth and metabolism.

    Nutrition

  • 14

    Is the nutrient enrichment of bodies of water.

    Eutrophication

  • 15

    The mechanism by which nutrients are converted to cellular material or used for energetic purposes

    Metabolic processes

  • 16

    Chemical compounds required by an organism

    Nutrients

  • 17

    Is a term that takes into account the interrelationships of mineral elements in the growth medium as well as their role in plant growth.

    Plant Nutrition

  • 18

    Encompasses the various reactions occurring in a living cell in order to maintain life and growth.

    Metabolism

  • 19

    “Land between two rivers”

    Mesopotamia

  • 20

    Refers to any temporal and spatially cyclical agricultural system that involves clearing of land

    Shifting Agriculture on Uplands

  • 21

    The Golden Age of Greeks

    800–200 BC

  • 22

    Used to increased productivity of soils (liming material)

    Marl

  • 23

    Was used to increased productivity and prolonged land use.

    Manure

  • 24

    Saline soils could be detected by?

    Taste Test

  • 25

    What is KNO3?

    Saltpeter

  • 26

    Published a book on agricultural practices.

    Pietro de Crescenzi

  • 27

    Believed that water is the main plant nourishment

    Sir Francis Bacon

  • 28

    His willow tree experiment "proved" that water was the sole nutrient of plants.

    Jan Baptista Van Helmont

  • 29

    Believed that roots ingest soil particles and cultivating the soil made it easier for plants to take up soil. He wrote the book “Horse and Hoeing Husbandry” and developed the horse hoe and the seed drill.

    Jethro Tull

  • 30

    Believed that plant growth is influenced something other than water

    John Woodward

  • 31

    Believed that soil provides only small amounts of nutrients required by plants and that plants obtain C from the air.

    de Saussure

  • 32

    A student of Thaer, concluded that salts in humus extracts were real plant nutrients.

    Philip Carl Sprengel

  • 33

    Introduced the Humus Theory,

    Albrecht Thaer

  • 34

    Popularized the Law of the Minimum stating that, if one of the essential nutrients is deficient, growth will be poor even if all other elements are abundant

    Justus Von Liebig

  • 35

    Beneficial Elements

    Sodium (Na), Silicon (Si), Cobalt (Co)

  • 36

    Is essential for N-fixing organisms, irrespective of whether they are in the free-living or symbiotic form. is required for N-fixation in root nodules of legumes and non-legumes.

    Cobalt (Co)

  • 37

    The beneficial effects of this on plants include increase in yield that can result from increasing leaf erectness, decreasing susceptibility to lodging, decreasing incidence to fungal infections and preventing Fe and Mn toxicity.

    Silicon (Si)

  • 38

    Is not essential element for crop plants, although it is beneficial for crops such as sugar beet and it is considered to be essential for the growth of a halophyte Atriplex vesicaria at levels in the range of a micronutrient.

    Sodium (Na)

  • 39

    A chemical element necessary in large amounts

    Macronutrients

  • 40

    What are the Macronutrients?

    Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Sulfur (S)

  • 41

    A chemical element necessary in only extremely small amount

    Micronutrients

  • 42

    What are the Micronutrients?

    Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zi), Manganese (Mn), Boron (B), Copper (Cu), Molybdenum (Mo), Chlorine (Cl), Nickel (Ni)

  • 43

    It is essential for energy storage and transfer in plants.

    Phosphorus

  • 44

    Imparts deep green color of the leaves.

    Nitrogen

  • 45

    leaves become purplish or reddish

    Phosphorus

  • 46

    Provides strength to plant cell walls and contributes to greater canopy photosynthesis and crop growth.

    Potassium

  • 47

    Needed in low concentrations in membranes to maintain their proper structure and differential permeability characteristics.

    Calcium

  • 48

    It is a constituent of chlorophyll and is involved in photosynthesis.

    Magnesium

  • 49

    Is an essential activator for one or more enzymes catalyzing reactions involved in chlorophyll synthesis.

    Iron

  • 50

    It is required for protein synthesis, plant function, and plant structure.

    Sulfur

  • 51

    It activates many enzymes which is an important function in plants.

    Manganese

  • 52

    Is essential for several biochemical processes in the rice plants.

    Zinc

  • 53

    It is an electron carrier when present in certain enzymes necessary to convert nitrate to ammonium ions.

    Molybdenum

  • 54

    It has a role in carbohydrate translocation.

    Boron

  • 55

    Necessary for proper functioning of the enzyme, urease and was found to be necessary in seed germination.

    Nickel

  • 56

    It stimulates photosynthesis by acting as an enzyme activator for one or more reactions in which water is split and oxygen released.

    Chlorine

  • 57

    Are nutrients that is readily transported from old leaves to new growth

    Mobile Nutrients

  • 58

    Are nutrients that move slowly from cell to cell

    Immobile Nutrients

  • 59

    Refers to dissolved nutrients, like calcium and nitrate, that move toward the root in soil water that is flowing in that direction.

    Mass flow

  • 60

    Occurs when nutrients move from higher concentrations in the bulk soil water solution to lower concentrations at the root.

    Diffusion

  • 61

    Root moves through the soil and comes into contact with the nutrient on the colloid.

    Root Interception

  • 62

    Factors affecting nutrient availability

    Kinds of mineral present in soil, Soil texture , Soil moisture/ Aeration , Bulk density , Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Soil pH, Organic Matter

  • 63

    The rate of ion movement in the soil, whether by mass flow or diffusion depends highly on soil moisture.

    Soil moisture and Aeration

  • 64

    Refers to a particular soil's distribution of mineral particles within certain size ranges. Relative amounts of sand, silt and clay

    Soil texture

  • 65

    Is an expression of the soil’s ability to hold and exchange cations.

    Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

  • 66

    This soil property affects the positional availability of nutrients and root proliferation.

    Bulk density

  • 67

    Measures of Availability of Nutrients

    Capacity/Quantity factor, Intensity factor , Buffer factor

  • 68

    The amount of nutrients that is adsorbed or exchangeable.

    Capacity/Quantity factor

  • 69

    Ability of the soil to maintain nutrient intensity

    Buffer factor

  • 70

    The concentration of nutrients in the soil solution

    Intensity factor

  • 71

    German chemist, formulated a relationship between limiting nutrient and yield

    Justus Von Liebig

  • 72

    Recognizes that yield response to a limiting growth factor are usually nonlinear.

    Mitcherlich’s Law of Diminishing Return

  • 73

    “The amount of plant growth or yield is regulated by the nutrient present in minimum amounts relative to its optimum nutrient requirement and yield rises or falls accordingly as this nutrient is increased or decreased in amount, the other growth factor being present in adequate quantities”.

    Liebig’s Law of the Minimum

  • 74

    “As the mobility of a nutrient in the soil decreases, the amount of nutrient needed in the soil to produce a maximum yield increases from a variable net value, determined principally by the magnitude of the yield and the optimum percentage composition of the crop, to an amount whose value tends to be a constant”.

    Bray’s Nutrient Mobility Theory

  • 75

    Methods of Soil Fertility Evaluation

    Nutrient deficiency symptoms of plants , Plant Tissue Analysis , Soil Chemical Analysis , Biological Tests

  • 76

    Deficiency symptoms

    Many symptoms appear similar, Hidden hunger, Field symptoms appear different than ideal symptoms, Multiple deficiencies and toxicities can occur at the same time

  • 77

    Yellowing in between leaf veins, yet veins remain green.

    Interveinal Chlorosis

  • 78

    General yellowing of plant tissue; lack of chlorophyll

    Chlorosis

  • 79

    Refers to symptoms limited to one leaf or section of the leaf or plant

    Localized

  • 80

    Refers to symptoms not limited one area of a plant, but rather spread over the entire plant.

    Generalized

  • 81

    Refers to the death of plant tissue

    Necrosis

  • 82

    Presence of irregular spots in a plant leaf or body in an inconsistent pattern

    Mottling

  • 83

    Measures nutrient levels in the plant during their growth.

    Plant Tissue Analysis

  • 84

    Refers to the decreased growth, in terms of height, of plant.

    Stunting

  • 85

    Types of Plant Analysis

    Diagnostic Testing , Monitoring, Predictive or Prognostic Testing

  • 86

    This is sometimes called “troubleshooting” or problem-solving type of plant testing

    Diagnostic Testing

  • 87

    This is done to assess the adequacy of current fertilizer practices and related management factors

    Monitoring

  • 88

    This may be used in three ways: a) analysis of samples collected during early crop development and is used to predict the likelihood of nutrient deficiencies occurring before reaching crop maturity, b) analysis of fruit is used to predict its likely behavior in storage, and c) analysis of seeds or grains is used to predict probable deficiencies in succeeding crops.

    Predictive or Prognostic Testing

  • 89

    What not to sample in Plant tissue analysis

    ▪ Young emerging leaves and old mature leaves and seeds, Diseased or dead plants, Plants that have insect or mechanical damage

  • 90

    Interpretation of plant tissue test results

    Deficient, Insufficient, Sufficient, Excessive, Toxic

  • 91

    This happens when the level of an essential plant nutrient is below that required for optimum yields or when there is an imbalance with another nutrient.

    Insufficient

  • 92

    It occurs when an essential element is at a low concentration that severely limits yield and produces more or less distinct deficiency symptoms.

    Deficient

  • 93

    It occurs when the concentration of an essential plant nutrient is sufficiently high to result in a corresponding shortage of another nutrient.

    Excessive

  • 94

    It takes place when the concentration of an essential nutrient is present in adequate amounts for optimum crop growth.

    Sufficient

  • 95

    When the concentration of either essential or other elements is sufficiently high to reduce plant growth severely.

    Toxic

  • 96

    Methods of Interpreting Results of Plant Analysis

    Critical Nutrient Concentration/Values, Sufficiency Ranges, Ratios and Diagnostic Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS)

  • 97

    offers significant advantages over the use of critical values.

    Sufficiency Ranges

  • 98

    Have been defined as the concentration at which there is a 5-10% yield reduction

    Critical Nutrient Concentration/Values

  • 99

    In its simplest form, the use of ratios in the interpretation of plant analysis results involves the evaluation of two essential elements together,

    Ratios and Diagnostic Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS)

  • 100

    Is a rapid method of determining the amount of nutrient elements essential for plant growth in the soil at the time of determination

    Soil Chemical Analysis

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    loose surface of the earth as distinguished from solid bedrock

    Geologic definition

  • 2

    material which nourishes and supports growing plants

    Traditional definition

  • 3

    mixture of mineral matter, organic matter, water and air

    Component definition

  • 4

    collection of natural bodies of the earth’s surface

    Soil Taxonomy Definition

  • 5

    Components of the Soil

    25% Water, 25% Air, 45% Mineral Particle , 5% Organic Matter (10% Organisms, 10% Roots, 80% Humus)

  • 6

    Is the fraction of the soil that consists of plant or animal tissue

    Organic Matter

  • 7

    The Solid phase

    Minerals , Organic Matter

  • 8

    Not the reservoir of nutrient ions except for those that are not adsorbed by the solid phase

    The Liquid Phase

  • 9

    The soil air contains a number of gases of which nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor are the most important.

    The Gaseous Phase

  • 10

    Functions of soil as far as plants are concerned

    Provides anchorage to root enabling plants to stand erec, Acts as a store house of water and nutrients for plant growth, Acts as home of flora and fauna, Provides space for air and accretion

  • 11

    The quality of a soil that enables it to provide essential chemical elements

    Soil Fertility

  • 12

    The capacity of the soil, in its normal environment to support plant growth.

    Soil productivity

  • 13

    The supply and absorption of chemical compounds needed for growth and metabolism.

    Nutrition

  • 14

    Is the nutrient enrichment of bodies of water.

    Eutrophication

  • 15

    The mechanism by which nutrients are converted to cellular material or used for energetic purposes

    Metabolic processes

  • 16

    Chemical compounds required by an organism

    Nutrients

  • 17

    Is a term that takes into account the interrelationships of mineral elements in the growth medium as well as their role in plant growth.

    Plant Nutrition

  • 18

    Encompasses the various reactions occurring in a living cell in order to maintain life and growth.

    Metabolism

  • 19

    “Land between two rivers”

    Mesopotamia

  • 20

    Refers to any temporal and spatially cyclical agricultural system that involves clearing of land

    Shifting Agriculture on Uplands

  • 21

    The Golden Age of Greeks

    800–200 BC

  • 22

    Used to increased productivity of soils (liming material)

    Marl

  • 23

    Was used to increased productivity and prolonged land use.

    Manure

  • 24

    Saline soils could be detected by?

    Taste Test

  • 25

    What is KNO3?

    Saltpeter

  • 26

    Published a book on agricultural practices.

    Pietro de Crescenzi

  • 27

    Believed that water is the main plant nourishment

    Sir Francis Bacon

  • 28

    His willow tree experiment "proved" that water was the sole nutrient of plants.

    Jan Baptista Van Helmont

  • 29

    Believed that roots ingest soil particles and cultivating the soil made it easier for plants to take up soil. He wrote the book “Horse and Hoeing Husbandry” and developed the horse hoe and the seed drill.

    Jethro Tull

  • 30

    Believed that plant growth is influenced something other than water

    John Woodward

  • 31

    Believed that soil provides only small amounts of nutrients required by plants and that plants obtain C from the air.

    de Saussure

  • 32

    A student of Thaer, concluded that salts in humus extracts were real plant nutrients.

    Philip Carl Sprengel

  • 33

    Introduced the Humus Theory,

    Albrecht Thaer

  • 34

    Popularized the Law of the Minimum stating that, if one of the essential nutrients is deficient, growth will be poor even if all other elements are abundant

    Justus Von Liebig

  • 35

    Beneficial Elements

    Sodium (Na), Silicon (Si), Cobalt (Co)

  • 36

    Is essential for N-fixing organisms, irrespective of whether they are in the free-living or symbiotic form. is required for N-fixation in root nodules of legumes and non-legumes.

    Cobalt (Co)

  • 37

    The beneficial effects of this on plants include increase in yield that can result from increasing leaf erectness, decreasing susceptibility to lodging, decreasing incidence to fungal infections and preventing Fe and Mn toxicity.

    Silicon (Si)

  • 38

    Is not essential element for crop plants, although it is beneficial for crops such as sugar beet and it is considered to be essential for the growth of a halophyte Atriplex vesicaria at levels in the range of a micronutrient.

    Sodium (Na)

  • 39

    A chemical element necessary in large amounts

    Macronutrients

  • 40

    What are the Macronutrients?

    Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Sulfur (S)

  • 41

    A chemical element necessary in only extremely small amount

    Micronutrients

  • 42

    What are the Micronutrients?

    Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zi), Manganese (Mn), Boron (B), Copper (Cu), Molybdenum (Mo), Chlorine (Cl), Nickel (Ni)

  • 43

    It is essential for energy storage and transfer in plants.

    Phosphorus

  • 44

    Imparts deep green color of the leaves.

    Nitrogen

  • 45

    leaves become purplish or reddish

    Phosphorus

  • 46

    Provides strength to plant cell walls and contributes to greater canopy photosynthesis and crop growth.

    Potassium

  • 47

    Needed in low concentrations in membranes to maintain their proper structure and differential permeability characteristics.

    Calcium

  • 48

    It is a constituent of chlorophyll and is involved in photosynthesis.

    Magnesium

  • 49

    Is an essential activator for one or more enzymes catalyzing reactions involved in chlorophyll synthesis.

    Iron

  • 50

    It is required for protein synthesis, plant function, and plant structure.

    Sulfur

  • 51

    It activates many enzymes which is an important function in plants.

    Manganese

  • 52

    Is essential for several biochemical processes in the rice plants.

    Zinc

  • 53

    It is an electron carrier when present in certain enzymes necessary to convert nitrate to ammonium ions.

    Molybdenum

  • 54

    It has a role in carbohydrate translocation.

    Boron

  • 55

    Necessary for proper functioning of the enzyme, urease and was found to be necessary in seed germination.

    Nickel

  • 56

    It stimulates photosynthesis by acting as an enzyme activator for one or more reactions in which water is split and oxygen released.

    Chlorine

  • 57

    Are nutrients that is readily transported from old leaves to new growth

    Mobile Nutrients

  • 58

    Are nutrients that move slowly from cell to cell

    Immobile Nutrients

  • 59

    Refers to dissolved nutrients, like calcium and nitrate, that move toward the root in soil water that is flowing in that direction.

    Mass flow

  • 60

    Occurs when nutrients move from higher concentrations in the bulk soil water solution to lower concentrations at the root.

    Diffusion

  • 61

    Root moves through the soil and comes into contact with the nutrient on the colloid.

    Root Interception

  • 62

    Factors affecting nutrient availability

    Kinds of mineral present in soil, Soil texture , Soil moisture/ Aeration , Bulk density , Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Soil pH, Organic Matter

  • 63

    The rate of ion movement in the soil, whether by mass flow or diffusion depends highly on soil moisture.

    Soil moisture and Aeration

  • 64

    Refers to a particular soil's distribution of mineral particles within certain size ranges. Relative amounts of sand, silt and clay

    Soil texture

  • 65

    Is an expression of the soil’s ability to hold and exchange cations.

    Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

  • 66

    This soil property affects the positional availability of nutrients and root proliferation.

    Bulk density

  • 67

    Measures of Availability of Nutrients

    Capacity/Quantity factor, Intensity factor , Buffer factor

  • 68

    The amount of nutrients that is adsorbed or exchangeable.

    Capacity/Quantity factor

  • 69

    Ability of the soil to maintain nutrient intensity

    Buffer factor

  • 70

    The concentration of nutrients in the soil solution

    Intensity factor

  • 71

    German chemist, formulated a relationship between limiting nutrient and yield

    Justus Von Liebig

  • 72

    Recognizes that yield response to a limiting growth factor are usually nonlinear.

    Mitcherlich’s Law of Diminishing Return

  • 73

    “The amount of plant growth or yield is regulated by the nutrient present in minimum amounts relative to its optimum nutrient requirement and yield rises or falls accordingly as this nutrient is increased or decreased in amount, the other growth factor being present in adequate quantities”.

    Liebig’s Law of the Minimum

  • 74

    “As the mobility of a nutrient in the soil decreases, the amount of nutrient needed in the soil to produce a maximum yield increases from a variable net value, determined principally by the magnitude of the yield and the optimum percentage composition of the crop, to an amount whose value tends to be a constant”.

    Bray’s Nutrient Mobility Theory

  • 75

    Methods of Soil Fertility Evaluation

    Nutrient deficiency symptoms of plants , Plant Tissue Analysis , Soil Chemical Analysis , Biological Tests

  • 76

    Deficiency symptoms

    Many symptoms appear similar, Hidden hunger, Field symptoms appear different than ideal symptoms, Multiple deficiencies and toxicities can occur at the same time

  • 77

    Yellowing in between leaf veins, yet veins remain green.

    Interveinal Chlorosis

  • 78

    General yellowing of plant tissue; lack of chlorophyll

    Chlorosis

  • 79

    Refers to symptoms limited to one leaf or section of the leaf or plant

    Localized

  • 80

    Refers to symptoms not limited one area of a plant, but rather spread over the entire plant.

    Generalized

  • 81

    Refers to the death of plant tissue

    Necrosis

  • 82

    Presence of irregular spots in a plant leaf or body in an inconsistent pattern

    Mottling

  • 83

    Measures nutrient levels in the plant during their growth.

    Plant Tissue Analysis

  • 84

    Refers to the decreased growth, in terms of height, of plant.

    Stunting

  • 85

    Types of Plant Analysis

    Diagnostic Testing , Monitoring, Predictive or Prognostic Testing

  • 86

    This is sometimes called “troubleshooting” or problem-solving type of plant testing

    Diagnostic Testing

  • 87

    This is done to assess the adequacy of current fertilizer practices and related management factors

    Monitoring

  • 88

    This may be used in three ways: a) analysis of samples collected during early crop development and is used to predict the likelihood of nutrient deficiencies occurring before reaching crop maturity, b) analysis of fruit is used to predict its likely behavior in storage, and c) analysis of seeds or grains is used to predict probable deficiencies in succeeding crops.

    Predictive or Prognostic Testing

  • 89

    What not to sample in Plant tissue analysis

    ▪ Young emerging leaves and old mature leaves and seeds, Diseased or dead plants, Plants that have insect or mechanical damage

  • 90

    Interpretation of plant tissue test results

    Deficient, Insufficient, Sufficient, Excessive, Toxic

  • 91

    This happens when the level of an essential plant nutrient is below that required for optimum yields or when there is an imbalance with another nutrient.

    Insufficient

  • 92

    It occurs when an essential element is at a low concentration that severely limits yield and produces more or less distinct deficiency symptoms.

    Deficient

  • 93

    It occurs when the concentration of an essential plant nutrient is sufficiently high to result in a corresponding shortage of another nutrient.

    Excessive

  • 94

    It takes place when the concentration of an essential nutrient is present in adequate amounts for optimum crop growth.

    Sufficient

  • 95

    When the concentration of either essential or other elements is sufficiently high to reduce plant growth severely.

    Toxic

  • 96

    Methods of Interpreting Results of Plant Analysis

    Critical Nutrient Concentration/Values, Sufficiency Ranges, Ratios and Diagnostic Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS)

  • 97

    offers significant advantages over the use of critical values.

    Sufficiency Ranges

  • 98

    Have been defined as the concentration at which there is a 5-10% yield reduction

    Critical Nutrient Concentration/Values

  • 99

    In its simplest form, the use of ratios in the interpretation of plant analysis results involves the evaluation of two essential elements together,

    Ratios and Diagnostic Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS)

  • 100

    Is a rapid method of determining the amount of nutrient elements essential for plant growth in the soil at the time of determination

    Soil Chemical Analysis