Soil Tech Midterm 1

Mutated Lemon · 51問 · 2年前

通報

問題一覧

loose surface of the earth as distinguished from solid bedrock

Geologic definition

material which nourishes and supports growing plants

Traditional definition

mixture of mineral matter, organic matter, water and air

Component definition

collection of natural bodies of the earth’s surface

Soil Taxonomy Definition

Components of the Soil

25% Water, 25% Air, 45% Mineral Particle, 5% Organic Matter (10% Organisms, 10% Roots, 80% Humus)

Is the fraction of the soil that consists of plant or animal tissue

Organic Matter

The Solid phase

Minerals, Organic Matter

Not the reservoir of nutrient ions except for those that are not adsorbed by the solid phase

The Liquid Phase

The soil air contains a number of gases of which nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor are the most important.

The Gaseous Phase

Functions of soil as far as plants are concerned

Provides anchorage to root enabling plants to stand erec, Acts as a store house of water and nutrients for plant growth, Acts as home of flora and fauna, Provides space for air and accretion

The quality of a soil that enables it to provide essential chemical elements

Soil Fertility

The capacity of the soil, in its normal environment to support plant growth.

Soil productivity

The supply and absorption of chemical compounds needed for growth and metabolism.

Nutrition

Is the nutrient enrichment of bodies of water.

Eutrophication

The mechanism by which nutrients are converted to cellular material or used for energetic purposes

Metabolic processes

Chemical compounds required by an organism

Nutrients

Is a term that takes into account the interrelationships of mineral elements in the growth medium as well as their role in plant growth.

Plant Nutrition

Encompasses the various reactions occurring in a living cell in order to maintain life and growth.

Metabolism

“Land between two rivers”

Mesopotamia

Refers to any temporal and spatially cyclical agricultural system that involves clearing of land

Shifting Agriculture on Uplands

The Golden Age of Greeks

800–200 BC

Used to increased productivity of soils (liming material)

Marl

Was used to increased productivity and prolonged land use.

Manure

Saline soils could be detected by?

Taste Test

What is KNO3?

Saltpeter

Published a book on agricultural practices.

Pietro de Crescenzi

Believed that water is the main plant nourishment

Sir Francis Bacon

His willow tree experiment "proved" that water was the sole nutrient of plants.

Jan Baptista Van Helmont

Believed that roots ingest soil particles and cultivating the soil made it easier for plants to take up soil. He wrote the book “Horse and Hoeing Husbandry” and developed the horse hoe and the seed drill.

Jethro Tull

Believed that plant growth is influenced something other than water

John Woodward

Believed that soil provides only small amounts of nutrients required by plants and that plants obtain C from the air.

de Saussure

A student of Thaer, concluded that salts in humus extracts were real plant nutrients.

Philip Carl Sprengel

Introduced the Humus Theory,

Albrecht Thaer

Popularized the Law of the Minimum stating that, if one of the essential nutrients is deficient, growth will be poor even if all other elements are abundant

Justus Von Liebig

Beneficial Elements

Sodium (Na), Silicon (Si), Cobalt (Co)

Is essential for N-fixing organisms, irrespective of whether they are in the free-living or symbiotic form. is required for N-fixation in root nodules of legumes and non-legumes.

Cobalt (Co)

The beneficial effects of this on plants include increase in yield that can result from increasing leaf erectness, decreasing susceptibility to lodging, decreasing incidence to fungal infections and preventing Fe and Mn toxicity.

Silicon (Si)

Is not essential element for crop plants, although it is beneficial for crops such as sugar beet and it is considered to be essential for the growth of a halophyte Atriplex vesicaria at levels in the range of a micronutrient.

Sodium (Na)

A chemical element necessary in large amounts

Macronutrients

What are the Macronutrients?

Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Sulfur (S)

A chemical element necessary in only extremely small amount

Micronutrients

What are the Micronutrients?

Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zi), Manganese (Mn), Boron (B), Copper (Cu), Molybdenum (Mo), Chlorine (Cl), Nickel (Ni)

It is essential for energy storage and transfer in plants.

Phosphorus

Imparts deep green color of the leaves.

Nitrogen

leaves become purplish or reddish

Phosphorus

Provides strength to plant cell walls and contributes to greater canopy photosynthesis and crop growth.

Potassium

Needed in low concentrations in membranes to maintain their proper structure and differential permeability characteristics.

Calcium

It is a constituent of chlorophyll and is involved in photosynthesis.

Magnesium

Is an essential activator for one or more enzymes catalyzing reactions involved in chlorophyll synthesis.

Iron

It is required for protein synthesis, plant function, and plant structure.

Sulfur

It activates many enzymes which is an important function in plants.

Manganese

Is essential for several biochemical processes in the rice plants.

Zinc

It is an electron carrier when present in certain enzymes necessary to convert nitrate to ammonium ions.

Molybdenum

It has a role in carbohydrate translocation.

Boron

Necessary for proper functioning of the enzyme, urease and was found to be necessary in seed germination.

Nickel

It stimulates photosynthesis by acting as an enzyme activator for one or more reactions in which water is split and oxygen released.

Chlorine

Are nutrients that is readily transported from old leaves to new growth

Mobile Nutrients

Are nutrients that move slowly from cell to cell

Immobile Nutrients

Refers to dissolved nutrients, like calcium and nitrate, that move toward the root in soil water that is flowing in that direction.

Mass flow

Occurs when nutrients move from higher concentrations in the bulk soil water solution to lower concentrations at the root.

Diffusion

Root moves through the soil and comes into contact with the nutrient on the colloid.

Root Interception

Factors affecting nutrient availability

Kinds of mineral present in soil, Soil texture, Soil moisture/ Aeration, Bulk density, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Soil pH, Organic Matter

The rate of ion movement in the soil, whether by mass flow or diffusion depends highly on soil moisture.

Soil moisture and Aeration

Refers to a particular soil's distribution of mineral particles within certain size ranges. Relative amounts of sand, silt and clay

Soil texture

Is an expression of the soil’s ability to hold and exchange cations.

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

This soil property affects the positional availability of nutrients and root proliferation.

Bulk density

Measures of Availability of Nutrients

Capacity/Quantity factor, Intensity factor, Buffer factor

The amount of nutrients that is adsorbed or exchangeable.

Capacity/Quantity factor

Ability of the soil to maintain nutrient intensity

Buffer factor

The concentration of nutrients in the soil solution

Intensity factor

German chemist, formulated a relationship between limiting nutrient and yield

Justus Von Liebig

Recognizes that yield response to a limiting growth factor are usually nonlinear.

Mitcherlich’s Law of Diminishing Return

“The amount of plant growth or yield is regulated by the nutrient present in minimum amounts relative to its optimum nutrient requirement and yield rises or falls accordingly as this nutrient is increased or decreased in amount, the other growth factor being present in adequate quantities”.

Liebig’s Law of the Minimum

“As the mobility of a nutrient in the soil decreases, the amount of nutrient needed in the soil to produce a maximum yield increases from a variable net value, determined principally by the magnitude of the yield and the optimum percentage composition of the crop, to an amount whose value tends to be a constant”.

Bray’s Nutrient Mobility Theory

Methods of Soil Fertility Evaluation

Nutrient deficiency symptoms of plants, Plant Tissue Analysis, Soil Chemical Analysis, Biological Tests

Deficiency symptoms

Many symptoms appear similar, Hidden hunger, Field symptoms appear different than ideal symptoms, Multiple deficiencies and toxicities can occur at the same time

Yellowing in between leaf veins, yet veins remain green.

Interveinal Chlorosis

General yellowing of plant tissue; lack of chlorophyll

Chlorosis

Refers to symptoms limited to one leaf or section of the leaf or plant

Localized

Refers to symptoms not limited one area of a plant, but rather spread over the entire plant.

Generalized

Refers to the death of plant tissue

Necrosis

Presence of irregular spots in a plant leaf or body in an inconsistent pattern

Mottling

Measures nutrient levels in the plant during their growth.

Plant Tissue Analysis

Refers to the decreased growth, in terms of height, of plant.

Stunting

Types of Plant Analysis

Diagnostic Testing, Monitoring, Predictive or Prognostic Testing

This is sometimes called “troubleshooting” or problem-solving type of plant testing

Diagnostic Testing

This is done to assess the adequacy of current fertilizer practices and related management factors

Monitoring

This may be used in three ways: a) analysis of samples collected during early crop development and is used to predict the likelihood of nutrient deficiencies occurring before reaching crop maturity, b) analysis of fruit is used to predict its likely behavior in storage, and c) analysis of seeds or grains is used to predict probable deficiencies in succeeding crops.

Predictive or Prognostic Testing

What not to sample in Plant tissue analysis

▪ Young emerging leaves and old mature leaves and seeds, Diseased or dead plants, Plants that have insect or mechanical damage

Interpretation of plant tissue test results

Deficient, Insufficient, Sufficient, Excessive, Toxic

This happens when the level of an essential plant nutrient is below that required for optimum yields or when there is an imbalance with another nutrient.

Insufficient

It occurs when an essential element is at a low concentration that severely limits yield and produces more or less distinct deficiency symptoms.

Deficient

It occurs when the concentration of an essential plant nutrient is sufficiently high to result in a corresponding shortage of another nutrient.

Excessive

It takes place when the concentration of an essential nutrient is present in adequate amounts for optimum crop growth.

Sufficient

When the concentration of either essential or other elements is sufficiently high to reduce plant growth severely.

Toxic

Methods of Interpreting Results of Plant Analysis

Critical Nutrient Concentration/Values, Sufficiency Ranges, Ratios and Diagnostic Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS)

offers significant advantages over the use of critical values.

Sufficiency Ranges

Have been defined as the concentration at which there is a 5-10% yield reduction

Critical Nutrient Concentration/Values

In its simplest form, the use of ratios in the interpretation of plant analysis results involves the evaluation of two essential elements together,

Ratios and Diagnostic Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS)

100

Is a rapid method of determining the amount of nutrient elements essential for plant growth in the soil at the time of determination

Soil Chemical Analysis

Soil Tech Midterm 2

Soil Tech Midterm 2

51問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 100問 · 2年前

Crop Sci Midterm 1

Crop Sci Midterm 1

100問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 77問 · 2年前

Crop Sci Midterm 2

Crop Sci Midterm 2

77問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 88問 · 2年前

Crop Sci Midterm 4

Crop Sci Midterm 4

88問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 46問 · 2年前

Poultry Production Midterm 1

Poultry Production Midterm 1

46問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 41問 · 2年前

Crop and Animal improvement Midterm 1

Crop and Animal improvement Midterm 1

41問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 32問 · 2年前

Agri mech midterm 1

Agri mech midterm 1

32問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 74問 · 2年前

Irrigation and Drainage midterm 1

Irrigation and Drainage midterm 1

74問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 30問 · 2年前

Soil Tech Lab Exam 1

Soil Tech Lab Exam 1

30問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 41問 · 2年前

Soil Tech Finals 1

Soil Tech Finals 1

41問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 72問 · 2年前

Module 1 Genetics

Module 1 Genetics

72問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 46問 · 2年前

Soil Tech Finals 2

Soil Tech Finals 2

46問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 20問 · 2年前

module 2 (Poultry)

module 2 (Poultry)

20問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 37問 · 2年前

module 3 ( small ruminant)

module 3 ( small ruminant)

37問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 11問 · 2年前

Soil Tech Finals 3

Soil Tech Finals 3

11問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 30問 · 2年前

Finals Module 1

Finals Module 1

30問 • 2年前

Finals Module 3

Mutated Lemon · 8問 · 2年前

Finals Module 3

8問 • 2年前

Finals Module 4

Mutated Lemon · 9問 · 2年前

Finals Module 4

9問 • 2年前

Finals Module 5

Mutated Lemon · 6問 · 2年前

Finals Module 5

6問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 81問 · 2年前

finals module 6

finals module 6

81問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 26問 · 2年前

finals module 7

finals module 7

26問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 13問 · 2年前

finals module 8

finals module 8

13問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 28問 · 2年前

finals module 9

finals module 9

28問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 36問 · 2年前

Finals

Finals

36問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 100問 · 2年前

food processing 1

food processing 1

100問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 47問 · 2年前

Food Processing 2

Food Processing 2

47問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 84問 · 2年前

PHT 100 -1

PHT 100 -1

84問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 81問 · 2年前

Swine production 1

Swine production 1

81問 • 2年前

Mutated Lemon · 90問 · 1年前

90問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 88問 · 1年前

swine 2

swine 2

88問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 78問 · 1年前

finals

finals

78問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 34問 · 1年前

finals

finals

34問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 63問 · 1年前

Mid 1

Mid 1

63問 • 1年前

Mid 1

Mid 1

Mutated Lemon · 24問 · 1年前

AgriExt M1

AgriExt M1

24問 • 1年前

Organic Fertilizer Production

Mutated Lemon · 9問 · 1年前

Organic Fertilizer Production

9問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 99問 · 1年前

99問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 90問 · 1年前

90問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 24問 · 1年前

24問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 95問 · 1年前

95問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 88問 · 1年前

OA Republic Act (RA 10068 - RA 11511)

OA Republic Act (RA 10068 - RA 11511)

88問 • 1年前

Mid 2

Mid 2

Mutated Lemon · 65問 · 1年前

Mid 3

Mid 3

65問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 35問 · 1年前

35問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 29問 · 1年前

History

History

29問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 46問 · 1年前

46問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 94問 · 1年前

94問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 88問 · 1年前

OA Republic Act (RA 10068 - RA 11511)

OA Republic Act (RA 10068 - RA 11511)

88問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 10問 · 1年前

PNS/BAFS

PNS/BAFS

10問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 19問 · 1年前

Organic swine/ Poultry /Vegetables

Organic swine/ Poultry /Vegetables

19問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 72問 · 1年前

Fin 1

Fin 1

72問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 54問 · 1年前

Fin 2

Fin 2

54問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 91問 · 1年前

91問 • 1年前

Mutated Lemon · 100問 · 5ヶ月前

quiz 1 (module 1-4)

quiz 1 (module 1-4)

100問 • 5ヶ月前

Mutated Lemon · 30問 · 5ヶ月前

Organic Livestock and Poultry feeds - COP

Organic Livestock and Poultry feeds - COP

30問 • 5ヶ月前

Mutated Lemon · 50問 · 5ヶ月前

Organic Swine - COP

Organic Swine - COP

50問 • 5ヶ月前

Mutated Lemon · 33問 · 5ヶ月前

Organic Poultry - COP

Organic Poultry - COP

33問 • 5ヶ月前

Mutated Lemon · 69問 · 5ヶ月前

ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

69問 • 5ヶ月前

Mutated Lemon · 17問 · 5ヶ月前

Organic Milled Rice - COP

Organic Milled Rice - COP

17問 • 5ヶ月前

Mutated Lemon · 11問 · 5ヶ月前

Organic Biocontrol Agents - Microbials and Botanicals

Organic Biocontrol Agents - Microbials and Botanicals

11問 • 5ヶ月前

Mutated Lemon · 14問 · 5ヶ月前

Organic Bio-Control Agents (OBCA) — Product Standard — Specifications

Organic Bio-Control Agents (OBCA) — Product Standard — Specifications

14問 • 5ヶ月前

Mutated Lemon · 22問 · 5ヶ月前

Organic Soil Amendments 2016

Organic Soil Amendments 2016

22問 • 5ヶ月前

Mutated Lemon · 29問 · 5ヶ月前

Organic Soil Amendments 2020

Organic Soil Amendments 2020

29問 • 5ヶ月前

Mutated Lemon · 36問 · 5ヶ月前

Organic Aquaculture

Organic Aquaculture

36問 • 5ヶ月前

Mutated Lemon · 26問 · 4ヶ月前

DC no.2

DC no.2

26問 • 4ヶ月前

Mutated Lemon · 42問 · 4ヶ月前

Dc no. 3

Dc no. 3

42問 • 4ヶ月前