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are crops (other than fruits or vegetables) that are grown for agricultural purposes; cultivated plant that are grown commercially on a large scale.

Field Crops

Are sometimes called agronomic crops.

Field crops

These crops are grown for their edible grains rich in quality protein. They include mungbean,pea, peanut, pigeon pea, cow pea, soya beans.

Pulses/grain legumes

These crops are grown for their edible grains rich in carbohydrate.

Cereal crops

The word "cereal" is derived from the name of the most important grain deity, the Roman Goddess?

Ceres

These crops are grown for their edible oil. They include Sesame, Sunflower, Safflower, Rape seeds, Linseed.

Oil crops

Grown for their sugar content and includes: Sugar cane (60% sugar come from this crop in the world), Sugar beet (40% sugar from this crop).

Sugar crops

They grow for their fiber and this includes cotton and ramie

Fiber crops

These are grown for their enlarged roots or tubers. Important root and tuber crops are Cassava, Sweet potato, Potato, Yam.

Root & tuber crops

These crops are smoked or chewed for their stimulant effect. They include Tobacco, Chat

Drug crops

These crops are also sources of stimulants. They include Coffee, Tea, Cocoa

Beverage crops

This group includes Tomatoes, Onions, Cabbages, Lettuce, Carrot, and Cucumber.

Vegetable crops

This group includes perennial fruit bearing crops. They include Papaya, Mango, Avocado, and Banana.

Fruit crops

Crops grown as feed for ruminants. They are fed to the animals either fresh or in dried form, such as hay and silage. Napier grass, Centrosema, ipil ipil, Tobaco and castor bean.

Forage crops

are grasses grown for their edible seeds such as wheat, oats, barley. rye, rice, corn, grain and sorghum

Cereal or grain crops

AGRONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

Cereal crops , Pulse/grain legumes , Oil crops , Sugar crops , Fiber crops, Root and tuber crops, Drug crops, Beverage crops, Vegetables crops, Fruit crops, Forage crops

is the staple food of the Philippines, with a rich cultural significance.

Rice

is an annual grass with vegetative parts consisting of roots, culm and leaves. The roots, culmand leaves forma tiller. At maturity, it may or may not produce an inflorescence called a panicle, which bears seeds.

Rice

Scientific name of rice

Oryza sativa

is the ripened ovary, with the lemma, palea, rachilla, sterile lemmas and the awn firmly attached to it the rice hull includes the lemma and palea and their associated structures - the sterile lemmas, rachilla, and awn.

Rice grain

The dehulled rice grain is called?

caryopsis

Three layers of caryopsis

pericarp, tegmen, aleurone

The remaining part of the grain consists of the?

endosperm and the embryo

provides nourishment to the germinating embryo?

endosperm

lies on the belly side of the grain and is enclosed by the lemma. It is the embryonic organ of the seed.

embryo

The embryo contains the ?

plumule, radicle

plumule also known as?

embryonic leaves

radicle also known as?

embryonic primary root

when germinated with light

coleorhiza

when germinated in soil or darkness.

coleoptile

a covering enclosing the radicle or primary root, protrudes first.

coleorhiza

a covering enclosing the young shoot, emerges ahead of the coleorhiza.

coleoptile

These roots eventually die and are replaced by many secondary adventitious roots.

seminal roots

The first seedling leaf or?

primary leaf

is a complete leaf.

The second leaf

It is green and shaped like a cylinder. It has no blade.

primary leaf

or basal portion of the coleoptile elongates when the seed germinates in soil, and in darkness. It pushes the coleoptile above the soil surface.

mesocotyl

or jointed stem of the rice, is made up of a series of nodes and internodes

culm

is the solid portion of the culm.

node

is enveloped the culm above the node. It is the best part of the leaf.

leaf sheath

are born alternately on the culm in opposite directions.

leaf

how many days does a rice plant have in its reproductive stage?

how many days does a rice plant have in its ripening stage?

GROWTH PHASES OF THE RICE PLANT

Stage 0: Germination to emergence , Stage 1: Seedling , Stage 2: Tillering , Stage 3: Stem elongation , Stage 4: Panicle initiation to booting , Stage 5: Heading , Stage 6: Flowering , Stage 7: Milk grain , Stage 8: Dough grain , Stage 9: Mature grain

Growth Stages of rice

Vegetative stage , Reproductive stage, Ripening stage

is the development of the embryo into shoots and roots

Germination

is the time when the shoot tip sprouts from the soil or water surface.

Emergence

This stage extends from the appearance of the first tiller until maximum tiller number is reached.

Tillering

starts right after emergence and lasts until just before the first tiller appears

Seedling stage

This stage begins before panicle initiation in late maturing varieties; it may occur during the later part of the tillering stage.

Stem elongation

This stage begins with the initiation of the panicle primordium at the tip of the growing shoot and end when the young panicle is about to emerge.

Panicle initiation to booting

is defined as the time when 50% of the panicles have exerted.

Heading stage

other term for flowering

Anthesis

follows after heading and refers to the series of events between the opening and closing of the spikelets.

Anthesis (blooming or flowering)

The grain starts to fill with a white milky liquid that can be squeezed out.

Milk grain

The milky portion of the grain turns into a soft then a hard dough

Dough grain

The grains are fully developed, mature, hard and yellow.

mature grain

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE CHOICE OF A VARIETY

HIGH GRAIN YIELD POTENTIAL, GRAIN QUALITY, RESISTANCE TO INSECTS AND DISEASED, MATURITY AND GROWTH DURATION, OTHER FACTORS

is the process of preparing the soil to provide a favorable soil environment for plant germination and growth.is accomplished through tillage.

Land preparation

TWO TYPES OF TILLAGE

Primary tillage , Secondary tillage

involves the initial cutting of the soil where a crop has been grown and harvested, or when the ground is simply barren. This can be performed by using either an animal or tractor drawn or mounted implement. (Plowing)

Primary tillage

is the subsequent cultivation of the soil after primary tillage. This operation breaks the soil clods and incorporates materials thoroughly into the soil. The implement used is the harrow which is either comb-toothed or spike-toothed, (Harrowing)

Secondary tillage

TWO WAYS OF PREPARING RICE FIELDS

Wetland tillage, Dryland tillage

is the usual way of preparing lowland fields for planting. The soilis tilled in a saturated or flooded condition.

Wetland tillage

is the other method of preparing rice fields. This is for both lowland and upland fields where the soil is dry during land preparation.

Dryland tillage

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE METHOD OF LAND PREPARATION

A. Method of crop establishment , B. Water supply , C. Power resources , D. Cost and sustainability , E. Characteristic of the soil

Advantage of Wet tillage

Improve weed control, Facilitates incorporation of organic materials and soil amendments, Provides good soil condition for crop establishment

Advantage of Dry tillage

Requires less water, Helps control golden snail, Soil aeration

Disadvantage of Wet tillage

Needs high water requirement, Soil structure is destroyed, Unfavorable for subsequent establishment of rice-based crops

Disadvantage of dry tillage

High power requirement, Lack of suitable equipment

DWSR

Direct wet-seeded rice

THE IMPLEMENTS USED IN WETLAND TILLAGE

A. Moldboard plow , B. Disc plow , C. Floating tiller , D. Rotavator , E. Combed-tooth harrow

THE IMPLEMENTS USED IN DRYLAND TILLAGE

A. Disc plow , B. Moldboard plow , C. Rotavator , D. Disc harrow , E. Spiked-tooth harrow

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE SELECTION OF IMPLEMENT TO BE USED

A. Soil type , B. Soil condition , C. Topography , D. Presence of stubble, trash and weeds

is a sequence of events that includes seeding, seed germination, seedling emergence and development to the stage where the seedlings could be expected to grow to maturity.

Crop establishment

system refers to planting crops with minimum of soil disturbance.

Zero-tillage

(TPR)

Transplanted Rice

One method of planting rice of establishment is not by sowing seeds but by transplanting seedlings that are grown in nurseries first.

Transplanted Rice (TPR)

follows a uniform spacing between plants. The seedlings are transplanted in straight rows. With this method you will need planting guides to have uniform spacing.

straight-row method

is an important factor in transplanting rice.

Plant spacing

TWO METHODS OF GROWING RICE

Transplanting., Direct seeding.

(DWSR)

Direct Wet-Seeded Rice

Dry direct seeding can be done by:

Broadcasting, Drilling, Dibbling (hill planting)

How is direct seeding on wet land done?

Broadcasting, Drilling seeds into the mud with a drum seeder.

This is usually practiced along mountain slopes or where plowing and harrowing are difficult.

Dibbling (hill planting)

FACTORS CONSIDERED IN THE CHOICE OF METHODS

A. Objective/preference of farmer, B. Ecosystem, C. Resources available , D. Management capability of the farmer , E. Cropping season

REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD SEEDLINGS

A. Uniform height and growth., B. Short leaf sheaths., C. Free from pests and diseases., D. More roots that are long and sturdy.

TWO METHODS OF TRANSPLANTING

Random planting., Straight row planting.

A definite spacing is maintained between plants. This is done through the use of planting guides, markers, and mechanical transplanter.

Straight row planting

This is done without definite distance or spacing between seedlings.

Random planting

Soil Tech Midterm 1

Mutated Lemon · 100問 · 2年前

Soil Tech Midterm 1