finals module 6

Mutated Lemon · 100問 · 2年前

通報

問題一覧

The seasonal pattern of a particular place occuring from year to year.

Climate

The climatic environment one meter above the plant canopy

Macroclimate

A momentary state of the atmosphere brought about the combination of elements.

Weather

Is any form of water particles falling on the ground in liquid or solid form.

Precipitation

Generally refers to the climatic environment one meter below the canopy in the case of tall plants or the climate within the leaf canopy for short ( below one meter) plants.

Microclimate

Categories of plants based on need for moisture:

Xerophytes, Hydrophytes, Mesophytes

dessert plants

Xerophytes

aquatic plants

Hydrophytes

plants on land, economically important plants

Mesophytes

Factors affecting amount of distribution of rainfall

Topography, Mountain ranges, Air circulation patterns

29 consecutive days without rainfall of at least 0.25 mm

Absolute Drought

Insuffiently low of rainfall/moisture which seriously affects plant growth

Drought

has two pronounced seasons: dry from November to April and wet throughout the rest of the year.

Type I Climate

15 consecutive days without rainfall of at least 0.25 mm

Partial Drought

seasons are not very pronounced but are relatively dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year.

Type III Climate

characterized by the absence of a dry season but with a very pronounced maximum rain period from November to January

Type II Climate

The degree of hotness and coldness of a body

Temperatures

characterized by a more or less even distribution of rainfall throughout the year

Type IV Climate

Three (3) cardinal temperatures

Minimum Temperature, Optimum Temperature, Maximum Temperature

Temperature where the velocity of the reaction is at maximum

Optimum Temperature

That temperature below which the velocity of the reaction becomes zero, due to the deactivation of enzymes.

Minimum Temperature

That temperature above which the velocity of the reaction becomes zero, due to the desaturation of enzymes.

Maximum Temperature

Temperature of the environment depends upon

Solar radiation:, Surrounding land masses or bodies of water, Altitude

For every 100 meters rise in elevation

there is a 0.6 °C decrease in tempearture.

Vertical rays are more energy efficient/unit area than oblique rays

Solar radiation:

Low Elevation

23.3 – 31.5 C

High Elevation

13.2 - 24.6 C

Classification of crops according to temperature requirement

Cool season crops, Warm season crops, Tropical, Sub-tropical

leaf tearing may already occur especially in banana and abaca

At 30 km/hr

Normal wind speed in the Philippines

7.2 km/hr

Effects of wind in plants

Increase transpiration, Disease spore dispersal, Destructive effects of strong winds, typhoon

Energy given out by the sun through radiation

Solar radiation or light

Three (3) aspects important to plants

Light Intensity, Duration or day length, Wavelength

Expressed in Angstorm or nanometers or identified by color

Wavelength

Expressed in hours per day

Duration or day length

Expressed in foot-candle or lux

Light Intensity

Effect of light on plants

Photoenergetic effect, Photocybernetic effect, Photoperiodic effect

Effect on plant development

Photocybernetic effect

Direct effect on photosynthesis

Photoenergetic effect

Plant response as conditioned by daylength

Photoperiodic effect

Classification of plants according to light intensity requirements

Heliophytes, Sciophytes

Shade loving Light saturated at about 500 foot candles

Sciophytes

Sun loving Light saturated at about 5,000 foot candles

Heliophytes

Classification of plants according to photoperiodic response

Day neutral, Short day plant, Long day plant

Requires a dark period exceeding some critical length to induce flowering.

Short day plant

Will flower over a wide range of daylength.

Day neutral

Proportion/ amount of moisture in the air

Relative Humidity

Inhibited from flowering when the dark period exceeds some critical length

Long day plant

Cloud including smog and fog affect the amount of radiation received by plants.

Cloudiness

Climatic Stresses

Typhoon and weather variations, Ozone Destruction

protective shield against the harmful UV rays; it is 6-30 miles above the earth.

Ozone

strong winds with speed greater than 21 kph

Typhoon

happens when there is a periodic ocean-warming and atmospheric disturbance characterized by deficient rainfall or prolonged drought in some areas, while heavy rains, storms or hurricanes occur in other areas of the globe.

El Niño

Increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Global warming

Climatic indicators of El Niño in the Philippines include

Acid rain, Lahar

A mixture of organic and inorganic materials which developed on the earth’s surface through weathering process of rocks and minerals and whose properties are conditioned in various degrees by the influence of climate, living organisms, and topography acting on the parent material over a period of time

Soil

Refers to the soil as a factor in crop production

Edaphic Factors

Refers to the clustering of the soil particles into characteristics aggregates of various sizes, shapes, and stability.

Soil Structure

Relative proportion of sand, silt and clay in a particular soil

Soil Texture

Structural classes based on the shapes of the aggregates

Prismatic structure, Columnar structure, Blocky structure, Sub-angular blocky structure, Platy structure, Spheroidal structure, Granular/Crumb

pillar-like with rounded tops; like prismatic structure, commonly occur in subsoils and in soils of arid and semi-arid regions.

Columnar structure

pillar-like with level tops

Prismatic structure

has edges which are more or less rounded; like the blocky structure, typical in clayey subsoils particularly in humid regions.

Sub-angular blocky structure:

cube-like and has more or less sharp edges and the rectangular faces are distinct

Blocky structure

rounded aggregates which are more porous; characteristics of surface soils especially those high in organic matter content.

Spheroidal structure

has disc-like aggregates; commonly found in virgin soils and subsoils; generally make the soil poorly drained.

Platy structure

The mass (dry weight) per unit volume of soil.

Bulk Density

resembles cookie crumbs; commonly found in surface horizons where roots have been growing.

Granular/Crumb

The most favourable pH for growing most agricultural plants

pH 7

The range of pH in the Philippines is from

ph 5.5 to pH 6.5.

Refers to the totality of all carbon-containing compounds in the soil derived from either plants or animals.

Soil Organic Matter (SOM)

The ability of the soil to adsorb and exchange cations with those in the surrounding soil solution as well as with the plant roots.

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

Effects of organic matter to soil properties

Physical, Chemical, Biological

All living elements in the environment that can affect crop production

Biotic Factors

Composed of large and small plants and animals

Soil Organisms

Biotic Factors

Beneficial Organisms, Pollinators, Decomposers, Natural pest enemies, pest

Important role in the preservation of species and in biodiversity conservation

Pollinators

Provides beneficial effects on crop production

Beneficial Organisms

Provide balance in a crop production system particularly in the control of pests

Natural pest enemies

A trophic level, usually consisting soil microorganisms specifically important in the maintenance of soil organic matter

Decomposers

A collective term that includes pests, diseases, weeds, invertebrates and vertebrates

Pests

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