Two parts of embryo

They are the leaves of the embryo that provides nourishment in the developing plant

The main axis of the embryo which lies next to mycropyle

The outermost covering of a seed is the ?

The seed coat has two layers, the outer ____ and the inner _____.

The _____ is a scar on the seed coat through which the developing seeds were attached to the fruit.

Above the hilum is a small pore called the ?

Within the seed coat is the _____, consisting of an embryonal axis and two cotyledons

The ______ are often fleshy and full of reserve food materials

At the two ends of the embryonal axis are present the ____ and the ____.

In plants such as bean, gram and pea, the endosperm is not present in mature seeds and such seeds are called ?

In some seeds such as castor the endosperm formed as a result of _______, is a food storing tissue and called _______.

monocotyledonous seeds are ?

The outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a proteinous layer called ?

The _______ is small and situated in a groove at one end of the endosperm.

Consists of one large and shield shaped cotyledon known as _____ and a short axis with a ______ and a ______.

The plumule and radicle are enclosed in sheaths which are called ______ and _______ respectively.

Stages of Embryonic development

This single- celled stage follows fusion of the haploid egg and sperm.

This stage occurs 2-4 DAP (Days after pollination). Following an initial horizontal division to create the apical and basal cells, a series of variable cell divisions create a multilayered, globular embryo.

At 5 DAP, the coleoptile (specialized tubular first leaf), shoot apical meristem, and radicle (embryonic root) form.

At 6-10 DAP, the shoot apical meristem initiates several vegetative leaves.

During 11-20 DAP, the expression of maturation-related genes precedes the onset of dormancy.

shepherd’s purse scientific name

is the process in which a seed or spore emerges from a period of dormancy.

•There are four environmental factors which affect germination:

may be defined as the fundamental process by which different plant species grow from a single seed into a plant.

There are Two basic ways in Which Seeds Germinate.

Factors affecting seed germination

INTERNAL FACTORS

The first step in the seed germination process is the absorption of water called?

Moisture content needed for germination to occur ranges from

For a seed to germinate, it requires a moderate Temperature of around _____ but There are some seeds which require special equirements either lower or higher Temperature between _____

one of the primary determinants of high yield that directly affects the performance of seedling emergence and plant growth. may be lost during storage because of unfavorable conditions, such as high moisture content and temperatures

is an individual's collection of genes. The term also can refer to the two alleles inherited for a particular gene.

is a key period in a plant's life cycle allowing for distribution of offspring in space and time.

Retain the endosperm tissue, which eventually dies but it is surrounded by a layer of living cells, called the ______

The endosperm tissue is absorbed by the cotyledons. These then become the food reserve for the seed.

It is relatively rich in alanine and leucine, with lw levels of lysine and almost no tryptophan.

In maize seeds, It is the most abundant storage protein

The percentage of protein concentration in dicotyledonous seeds is high, with soybean and other legume seeds ranging from ______ compared to only _______ in cereal seeds.

The planting depth should not be deeper than ________of the seed.

Epigeal emergence like ?

hypogeal emergence

The equation to calculate germination percentage is:

The _______ provides an measure of the time course of seed germination.

A good seeds should germinate at least ?

determines the percentage of seeds that are alive in any seed lot.

The level of germination in association with ______provides a very good estimate of the potential field performance

Standard Germination Test

Standard Germination Test

Seeds are arranged in rows and rolled up. The rolled material is placed in a germinator at 90% RH at 26 °C for 16 hrs, then another 8 hours at 30°C for one to several weeks

Seeds are sown in previously sterilized soil.

Seeds are placed in absorbent material in the dish

It is a colometric test in which the biochemical reaction causes the test solution to change color under certain conditions. Respiring and viable seeds will change color to red; dead or non-respiring seeds remain colorless.

is the percentage pure seed (only the seed of the desired kind without contaminants) in the sample tested.

TYPES OF SEEDS According to number of cotyledon:

Types of seed ccording to sensitivity to Drying and temperature

tolerate drying to as low as 5% seed moisture under common conditions and low storage temperatures

readily killed by drying, most especially if moisture content falls below the Critical value (12-30%)

can be dried to levels safe for orthodox Seeds without their Viability being Affected but are easily injured when exposed To low temperatures (seed moisture <10%)

seeds produced from certified seeds which are widely available at village levels.

Otherwise known as the Seed Industry Development Act, was Enforced in 1992.

An act to promote and develop the seed industry in the Philippines and create the National Seed Industry Council and for other Purposes.

Types of seeds