Mid 3

Mutated Lemon · 100問 · 2年前

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Two parts of embryo

Cotyledon, Tigellum

They are the leaves of the embryo that provides nourishment in the developing plant

Cotyledon

The main axis of the embryo which lies next to mycropyle

Tigellum

The outermost covering of a seed is the ?

seed coat

The seed coat has two layers, the outer ____ and the inner _____.

testa, tegmen

The _____ is a scar on the seed coat through which the developing seeds were attached to the fruit.

hilum

Above the hilum is a small pore called the ?

micropyle

Within the seed coat is the _____, consisting of an embryonal axis and two cotyledons

embryo

The ______ are often fleshy and full of reserve food materials

cotyledons

At the two ends of the embryonal axis are present the ____ and the ____.

radicle, plumule

In plants such as bean, gram and pea, the endosperm is not present in mature seeds and such seeds are called ?

nonendospermous

In some seeds such as castor the endosperm formed as a result of _______, is a food storing tissue and called _______.

double fertilization, endospermic seeds

monocotyledonous seeds are ?

endospermic

The outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a proteinous layer called ?

aleurone layer

The _______ is small and situated in a groove at one end of the endosperm.

embryo

Consists of one large and shield shaped cotyledon known as _____ and a short axis with a ______ and a ______.

scutellum, plumule, radicle

The plumule and radicle are enclosed in sheaths which are called ______ and _______ respectively.

coleoptile, coleorhiza

Stages of Embryonic development

Zygotic stage, Globular stage, Coleoptile stage, Juvenile Vegetative stage, Maturation stage

This single- celled stage follows fusion of the haploid egg and sperm.

ZYGOTIC STAGE.

This stage occurs 2-4 DAP (Days after pollination). Following an initial horizontal division to create the apical and basal cells, a series of variable cell divisions create a multilayered, globular embryo.

GLOBULAR STAGE

At 5 DAP, the coleoptile (specialized tubular first leaf), shoot apical meristem, and radicle (embryonic root) form.

COLEOPTILE STAGE.

At 6-10 DAP, the shoot apical meristem initiates several vegetative leaves.

JUVENILE VEGETATIVE STAGE.

During 11-20 DAP, the expression of maturation-related genes precedes the onset of dormancy.

MATURATION STAGE.

shepherd’s purse scientific name

Capsella bursa

is the process in which a seed or spore emerges from a period of dormancy.

Germination

•There are four environmental factors which affect germination:

water, oxygen, light, heat

may be defined as the fundamental process by which different plant species grow from a single seed into a plant.

Seed germination

There are Two basic ways in Which Seeds Germinate.

Hypogeal germination, Epigeal germination

Factors affecting seed germination

External factors, Internal factors

INTERNAL FACTORS

Seed vitality, Genotype, Seed maturation

The first step in the seed germination process is the absorption of water called?

IMBIBITION

Moisture content needed for germination to occur ranges from

25%-75%.

For a seed to germinate, it requires a moderate Temperature of around _____ but There are some seeds which require special equirements either lower or higher Temperature between _____

25- 30°C, 5 to 40°C

one of the primary determinants of high yield that directly affects the performance of seedling emergence and plant growth. may be lost during storage because of unfavorable conditions, such as high moisture content and temperatures

Seed vitality

is an individual's collection of genes. The term also can refer to the two alleles inherited for a particular gene.

genotype

is a key period in a plant's life cycle allowing for distribution of offspring in space and time.

Seed maturation

Retain the endosperm tissue, which eventually dies but it is surrounded by a layer of living cells, called the ______

ENDOSPERMOUS SEEDS, ALEURONE LAYER

The endosperm tissue is absorbed by the cotyledons. These then become the food reserve for the seed.

NON-ENDOSPERMOUS SEEDS

It is relatively rich in alanine and leucine, with lw levels of lysine and almost no tryptophan.

Zein

In maize seeds, It is the most abundant storage protein

zein (a prolain)

The percentage of protein concentration in dicotyledonous seeds is high, with soybean and other legume seeds ranging from ______ compared to only _______ in cereal seeds.

25-50%, 10-15%

The planting depth should not be deeper than ________of the seed.

10x the diameter

Epigeal emergence like ?

soybean

hypogeal emergence

corn

The equation to calculate germination percentage is:

GP = seeds germinated/total seeds x 100

The _______ provides an measure of the time course of seed germination.

germination rate

A good seeds should germinate at least ?

85 %

determines the percentage of seeds that are alive in any seed lot.

germination test

The level of germination in association with ______provides a very good estimate of the potential field performance

seed vigor

Standard Germination Test

1. Rag doll method or rolled towel test, 2. Seedbox method, 3. Petri dish method, 4. Tetrazolium test

Standard Germination Test

Ragdoll method or rolled - towel test, Seedbox method, Petri dish method

Seeds are arranged in rows and rolled up. The rolled material is placed in a germinator at 90% RH at 26 °C for 16 hrs, then another 8 hours at 30°C for one to several weeks

Ragdoll method or rolled - towel test

Seeds are sown in previously sterilized soil.

Seedbox method

Seeds are placed in absorbent material in the dish

Petri dish method

It is a colometric test in which the biochemical reaction causes the test solution to change color under certain conditions. Respiring and viable seeds will change color to red; dead or non-respiring seeds remain colorless.

Tetrazolium Test

is the percentage pure seed (only the seed of the desired kind without contaminants) in the sample tested.

Seed Purity Test

TYPES OF SEEDS According to number of cotyledon:

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS, DICOTYLEDONOUS

Types of seed ccording to sensitivity to Drying and temperature

ORTHODOX, RECALCITRANT, INTERMEDIATE

tolerate drying to as low as 5% seed moisture under common conditions and low storage temperatures

orthodox

readily killed by drying, most especially if moisture content falls below the Critical value (12-30%)

Recalcitrant

can be dried to levels safe for orthodox Seeds without their Viability being Affected but are easily injured when exposed To low temperatures (seed moisture <10%)

Intermediate

seeds produced from certified seeds which are widely available at village levels.

Good seeds

Otherwise known as the Seed Industry Development Act, was Enforced in 1992.

RA 7308

An act to promote and develop the seed industry in the Philippines and create the National Seed Industry Council and for other Purposes.

RA 7308

Types of seeds

Breeder seeds - White, Foundation seeds - Red, Registered seed - Green, Certified seeds - Blue

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