Module 1 Genetics

Mutated Lemon · 100問 · 2年前

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Is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation and heredity in organisms.

GENETICS

Discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance

Gregor Johann Mendel

People started to understand the science of inheritance

19th century

This is also called Mendel's first law of inheritance

Law of dominance

is a cross between two individuals that differ in two observed traits

di hybrid cross

HE CONDUCTED TWO EXPERIMENTS TO HIS LAWS MAIN CONCLUDE OF INHERITANCE

1865

MENDEL PUBLISHED OF HIS HYBRIDIZATION STUDIES OF PEA PLANTS

1865

happens if individuals that crosses each other has only one different trait from each other

monohybrid cross

This is also called Mendel's first law of inheritance. According to the law of dominance, hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the phenotype.

Law of Dominance

Also known as Mendel's second law of inheritance, the law of independent assortment states that a pair of traits segregates independently of another pair during gamete formation

Law of Independent Assortment

states that during the production of gametes, two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent. In other words, allele (alternative form of the gene) pairs segregate during the formation of gamete and re-uniterandomly duringfertilization

Law of Segregation

the roles that influence the expression of traits as

genes

A human being averages on how many genes?

20000-25000

collection of genes is called

Genome

Every Genetic Information of an organismis contained or stored in every cell's

nucleus

STRUCTURE CALLED CHROMOSOMES CARRY THIS INFORMATION IN THE FORM OF A

DNA

The DNA is a

double helix

THE ANIMALS IN THIS KIND OF FARMING IS STORED WITH ADEQUATE TEMPERATURE, FEED AND HEALTH CARE NECESSARY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ANIMALS TO BE HEALTHY AND FASTER.

INTENSIVE LVESTOCK FARMING

IT IS ONE IN WHICH THE ANIMALS ARE HOUSED AND FED BUT ARE ALLOWED TO GRAZE OR MOVEAROUND THE FARM TO SCAVENGE WITHIN AN ENCLOSED AREA WITHIN THE FARM AREA

SEMI INTENSIVE FARMNG

IS ONE THAT IS CARRIED OUT ON LARGE AREASOF LANDSSUCH AS MEADOWS, PASTURES ORMOUNTAINSSO THAT ANIMALSGRAZE AND TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF VARIOUS AREAS

EXTENSVE LVESTOCK FARMING

CHARACTERIZED BY THE GRAZING OF ANIMALS LIKE CATTLE ON A LARGE EXPANSE OF LAND SO THAT THEY HAVE A NATURAL DIET.

NOMADIC LIVESTOCKFARMNG

IT IS ONE WHERE ANIMALS ARE MOVED TO AREAS WHOSE FIELDS HAVE FOOD, DEPENDING ON THE SEASON OF THE YEAR

TRANSMANHUNT LIVESTOCK FARMING

Scientific name of cow

Bos taurus

scientific name of chicken

Gallus gallus domesticus

scientific name of goat

Capra hircus

scientific name of bee

Apis mellifera

scientific name of rabbit

Oryctolagus coniculus

scientific name of sheep

Ovis aries

scientific name of pig

Sus crofa domesticus

(P)

phenotype

(E)

environment

(G)

genotype

the totality of non-genetic factors affecting the individual

Environment

refers to the specific combination of genes that are associated with a particular characteristic of the individual;

Genotype

the observable manifestation of a given character of an individual;

Phenotype

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene which are usually recognizable by the phenotype

Allele

Gene may be active only when they occur in pairs of alleles during the diploid phase

Gene Action

control or regulate the function of other genes; may function in terms of quantity, quality or timing of the activity of certain structural genes

Regulatory genes

directly responsible for the synthesis of certain biochemical products during cell metabolism.

Structural genes

The corresponding trait determined by an allele which is manifested in the heterozygote form..

Dominance

a pair of allelic genes contribute independently to the genotypic value; Ex. Inheritance of the roan coat color cattle.

Additive

allows the flow of the genetic material from generation to generation, involves two processes: gametogenesis and fertilization

Animal reproduction

taken from the Greek word which means "to stand upon". Interaction of between two or more genes so that one of them interferes with or even inhibits the phenotypic expression of the other gene

Epistasis

the process of cell, including meiosis; male produces sperm cells.

Spermatogenesis

the process of producing the reproductive cells

Gametogenesis

mature reproductive cell capable of fusing with a similar cell of the opposite sex to form a zygote, also called sex cell.

Gamete

the process of differentiation of a mature egg cell from an undifferentiatedgerm line cell, including meiosis; female produces eggs

Oogenesis

the female gamete

Ovum

male gametes of animals

Spermatozoa

a measure of the tendency of some genes to be inherited as a group rather than individually because of the proximity of their loci in the chromosome.

Linkage

the fusion of two gametes of opposite sexes to form a zygote or an embryo.

Fertilization

carry genetic material but do not determine sex.

Autosomes

a place at which a particular gene resides on the genetic or linkage map.

Locus

genes that are located in the sex chromosomes.

Sex-linked genes

determine the sex of the individual.

Sex chromosomes

process in which certain genotypes contribute more progeny in the next generation than other genotypes.

Selection

The inheritance of certain characteristics that are associated with one sex or the other because the genes controlling them are located in the sex chromosomes.

Sex-linkage

a spontaneous change in the biochemical structure of the gene resulting in an entirely different phenotypic effect.

Mutation

process in which individuals from one population transfer to another population.

Migration

individuals that are more phenotypically similar tend to mate often; tend to drive the population toward homozygosis

Assortative

occurs when some individuals do not have the same chances of mating with individuals of the opposite sex.

Non-random mating

Sex dimorphism in mammals

Complete disassortative mating

individuals which are less phenotypically similar tend to mate more other together than would be expected by chance; tend to maintain the production of more heterozygotes at the expense of homozygotes.

Disassortative matings

is an art and science of the genetic improvement of farm animals

Animal Breeding

individuals that are related by descent tend to mate more often than under random mating; also tend to drive the population towards the increase in the frequency of homozygotes

Inbreeding

A form of non-random mating or a special case of assortative mating where individuals that ate related by ancestry are mated together.

Inbreeding

Process in which some individuals are chosen over others parents of the next generation.

Selection

reduction in fitness or vigor because of inbreeding or normally cross-pollinate organisms.

Inbreeding depression

an offspring of a cross between two genetically unlike individuals.

Hybrid

Mating animals that are more distantly related which can be traced back to one common ancestor.

Line Breeding

Is the mating of two animals of different breeds.

Crossbreeding

The mating of males and females of the same breed or type

Pure Breeding

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