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M1

46問 • 1年前

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the series of processes by which an organism takes in and assimilates food for promoting growth and replacing worn-out or injured tissues.

Nutrition

are substances that, when taken into the digestive system, are digested, absorbed and utilized to sustain animal body processes (Roxas, 2006).

Nutrients

CLASSIFICATION OF NUTRIENTS

• Water • Proteins/Amino Acids • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Vitamins • Minerals

Process of breaking down large, complex nutrient molecules into simpler molecules for use by an organism

Digestion

processes that move small molecules through membranes of the GIT into blood so the molecules may be used for their specific functions

Absorption

-set of chemical reactions happening in the cells to sustain life

METABOLISM

-breakdown of large molecules to smaller units

CATABOLISM

-synthesis of molecules from smaller units

ANABOLISM

– produces mucus that protects stomach lining

Cardiac region

– produces HCl, pepsin, mucus

Peptic gland region

– produces mucus, regulates entry of food into the duodenum (pyloric sphincter)

Pyloric region

• active site of digestion • receives pancreatic secretions • receives bile from gall bladder

Duodenum

• nutrient absorption

Jejunum

• • nutrient absorption

Ileum

• Site of microbial fermentation in herbivorous monogastrics

Cecum

• involved in reabsorption of water • length related to amount of water reabsorption

Colon

• last section • temporary storage of feces

Rectum

Accessory organs

Salivary gland, Pancreas, Liver , Gall bladder

• Temporary storage of feeds in chickens

Crop

• regarded as “true stomach” of chickens • secretes HCl and pepsin • Pepsin is an enzyme for protein digestion

Proventriculus

• Also known as Ventriculus • Mastication/grinding of feeds

Gizzard

Product of hind gut

coprophagy

• composes 80% of ruminant stomach in animals and 30% in young animals • fermentation vat • presence of microorganisms (bacteria, protozoa, fungi, etc)

RUMEN

• composes about 5% of bovine stomach • prevents indigestible objects from entering the stomach • “hardware stomach”

RETICULUM

composes 7-8% of bovine stomach •absorbs mostly water

Omasum

•the “true” stomach • composes 7-8% of stomach in mature animals and 70% in young animals

ABOMASUM

•Important component of the feed •Ranges from less than 10% in very dry feeds (such as mineral sources) to more than 75% in fresh plants •Animal body has 70% wate

WATER

Water found in animals

Intracellular water, Extracellular water

Universal solvent • Plays important roles in various chemical reactions • Responsible for body temperature regulation • Maintains body form

water

Macromolecule composed of one or more polypeptide chains, each with a characteristic sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Proteins

- 2 or more AA covalently joined by peptide bonds.

Peptide

is an amide bond between 2 AA

Peptide bond

• cannot be synthesized or can be synthesized in the body but in insufficient amount

Essential Amino Acids

Classification of proteins based on composition

Simple and conjugated

Classification of proteins based on solubility

Albumin, Globulin, Glutelin, Prolamin

• Organic substances, insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents like petroleum ether, hexane, etc.

LIPIDS

ØHigh energy materials, supplying 2.25 times more energy than carbohydrates and proteins.

FATS & OILS

Classification of lipids

simple lipids, compound lipids, derived lipids

Pork fat Beef fat

lard, tallow

• Organic substances needed in much smaller amounts, compared to carbohydrates, fats and proteins

Vitamins

– defective bone mineralization in young animals

Rickets

- inorganic substances needed in much smaller amounts

Minerals

u Metabolism occurs only after the basic units of the nutrients have been absorbed into the blood. u Involved all the chemical reactions performed by the cells to use the basic units of the nutrients for their specific functions i.e., glucose for energy or amino acids for protein synthesis.

METABOLISM

- correlated increase in the mass of the body to reach the size at maturity fixed by heredity.

Growth

in any species requires substantial nutrients for synthesis of adequate amount of milk to nourish the young.

Lactation

This is a simple and easy method of determining the correct proportion of 2 feed ingredients or 2 feed groups to obtain a desired level of protein.

person square method

Soil Tech Midterm 1

Mutated Lemon · 100問 · 2年前

Soil Tech Midterm 1