A crop of high quality, heavyweight calves

Quality of management , Plane of nutrition , Farm infrastructures

1. early sexual maturity of females, 2. high conception rate, 3. high calf crop, 4. early rebreeding after calving, 5. excellent milk production, 6. availability of year round feed supply

To ensure appropriate nutrition of various age groups, To prevent premature breeding , To prevent high rate of abortion

Pregnant herd, Breeding herd, Heifer herd, Steers,feeder, or fattening herd, Bull herd

5 weeks pre-partum and ends at calving

Colostrum

66 % at 6 hrs after birth , 7 % at 36 hrs after birth

immunoglobulins

3 hours after calving

animal factors (breed,type,age), feed factors (energy level), management factors (conditioning)

60-90 days before and after breeding period

at least 2 years old

50%

2.5-3 years old

Cattle Identification , Dehorning , Castration , Record keeping , Selection and culling

Branding, Use of ear tag, ear notching , Radio frequency identification (RFID)

10 cm for letters and 8 cm for numbers

PD 533 Anti-cattle rustling law of 1974

Dehorning

caustic potash or soda application on the horn button in young 8 day old, dehorning irons for 1.5 -2.0 cm long horns, barnes dehorner , dehorning clippers for older calves upto 8 weeks of age, hand or electric saw for older animal

Slitting , Bloodless (using burdizzo pinchers or elastrator and rubber rings)

Tends to decrease the rate of liveweight gain by 15%- 20%

Record keeping

cows that calves every 1.5-2 years, cows that produces little amount of milk, small, weak, and unhealthy animal , heifer that do not come in heat, heifer that do not meet the standard , bulls and cows that have undesirable hereditary defect

Distribute animals uniformly, Prevents overgrazing due to: rough topography Peculiar grazing habits, Control drifting of animals, Fence poisonous plants, Shut out stray or trespass stocks

Movement of animals, System of grazing, Size of herds, Natural obstacles such as swamps and steep hills

Working corral

Race

Working corral , Race, Squeeze , dipping vat, weighing scale, loading chute

• Cow-calf Backyard Ranching Semiintensive/intensive, • Fattening Backyard Semi commercial/ commercial

veterinarian

Livestock raiser

Infectious diseases, nutritional or metabolic diseases, parasitic diseases

Infectious diseases

nutritional or metabolic diseases

parasitic diseases

Start with healthy stocks , Parasite / diseases control work-ups, Adequate quality ration, Proper housing with clean water supply, Practice sanitation for quartered herd

Before breeding , Pregnancy period, Calving and Post-calving, Calves up to weaning, Weaning to growing period

Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, Camphylobacteriosis, Trichomoniasis

knot

Hitch

Bends

Splices

knot

noose, eye splice , end splice

noose

eye splice

lassoing cattle, restraining for branding , calf wrestling , casting down cattle

Dynamics of Pasture Production

Soil, Climate , Vegetation , Animals

Grazing management

Continuous stocking, Alternative stocking , rotational stocking , Deffered grazing

Continuous stocking

Alternate stocking

Rotational stocking

Deferred grazing

Cutting height (5-10 cm aboveground), botanical composition , moisture content (14-20% DM)

Animal Unit or AU

animal unit equivalent

Pasture utilization

Cutting interval

Grazing period

Grazing cycle

5-6 days after grazing!!!

Flies, Ticks, Lice , Mites

Bitting -Stable fly -horn fly -Black fly -Horse fly, Carrion/ wounds - Blow fly - screwworm - house fly, burrowing - heel fly

Flatworm, roundworm, tapeworm, protozoa

• External Parasites , • Malnutrition, • Pneumonia, • Mastitis, • Footrot

fenbendazole, , albendazole

ivermectin, moxidectin, eprinomectin

Levamisole

Babesiosis , Coccidiosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Neosporiasis, Trichomoniasis

Mastitis

Oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous , intraperitoneal

Agalactia

dyspnea