問題一覧
1
The goal of herd management
A crop of high quality, heavyweight calves
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The contributory factors
Quality of management , Plane of nutrition , Farm infrastructures
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The contributory factors 2
1. early sexual maturity of females, 2. high conception rate, 3. high calf crop, 4. early rebreeding after calving, 5. excellent milk production, 6. availability of year round feed supply
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Why is Herd division important
To ensure appropriate nutrition of various age groups, To prevent premature breeding , To prevent high rate of abortion
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The Cattle herds
Pregnant herd, Breeding herd, Heifer herd, Steers,feeder, or fattening herd, Bull herd
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cows begin to produce colostrum
5 weeks pre-partum and ends at calving
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The first milk that the cow produce, that contains antibody
Colostrum
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results of studies on immunoglobulins (Ig) absorption
66 % at 6 hrs after birth , 7 % at 36 hrs after birth
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Meaning of Ig
immunoglobulins
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Suckle colostrum milk within ?
3 hours after calving
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Factors affecting marbling
animal factors (breed,type,age), feed factors (energy level), management factors (conditioning)
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Briding bull is given supplementary feeds
60-90 days before and after breeding period
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Minimum age of breeding (bull)
at least 2 years old
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Breeding bull contribute how many genetic material to its offspring?
50%
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The bulls is kept out of herds after?
2.5-3 years old
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General management practices
Cattle Identification , Dehorning , Castration , Record keeping , Selection and culling
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Methods of cattle identification
Branding, Use of ear tag, ear notching , Radio frequency identification (RFID)
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Brand size
10 cm for letters and 8 cm for numbers
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Law in cattle identification
PD 533 Anti-cattle rustling law of 1974
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The removal of horns in young and older animal
Dehorning
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Dehorning method
caustic potash or soda application on the horn button in young 8 day old, dehorning irons for 1.5 -2.0 cm long horns, barnes dehorner , dehorning clippers for older calves upto 8 weeks of age, hand or electric saw for older animal
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Methods of castration
Slitting , Bloodless (using burdizzo pinchers or elastrator and rubber rings)
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Effects of castration
Tends to decrease the rate of liveweight gain by 15%- 20%
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provide a valuable reference for practicing selection and culling
Record keeping
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Subjected to culling
cows that calves every 1.5-2 years, cows that produces little amount of milk, small, weak, and unhealthy animal , heifer that do not come in heat, heifer that do not meet the standard , bulls and cows that have undesirable hereditary defect
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Uses of fence
Distribute animals uniformly, Prevents overgrazing due to: rough topography Peculiar grazing habits, Control drifting of animals, Fence poisonous plants, Shut out stray or trespass stocks
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Factors to consider in constructing a fence
Movement of animals, System of grazing, Size of herds, Natural obstacles such as swamps and steep hills
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Highly specialized facility Results to efficient production due to lesser handling shrinkage.
Working corral
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A single passageway/pathway constructed to facilitate implementation of different management practices
Race
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Handling facility
Working corral , Race, Squeeze , dipping vat, weighing scale, loading chute
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Housing system
• Cow-calf Backyard Ranching Semiintensive/intensive, • Fattening Backyard Semi commercial/ commercial
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devices a herd health program that considers the local conditions and resources
veterinarian
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implements the program with optimal supervision
Livestock raiser
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Broad categories of causes of death among cattle herds
Infectious diseases, nutritional or metabolic diseases, parasitic diseases
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Transmitted by pathogens
Infectious diseases
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Condition for which distinctive nutritional requirement deficiency
nutritional or metabolic diseases
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Caused by parasites
parasitic diseases
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Some suggested disease preventive measures
Start with healthy stocks , Parasite / diseases control work-ups, Adequate quality ration, Proper housing with clean water supply, Practice sanitation for quartered herd
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Cattle health program
Before breeding , Pregnancy period, Calving and Post-calving, Calves up to weaning, Weaning to growing period
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Test all breedable animal for
Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, Camphylobacteriosis, Trichomoniasis
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generally, means all interlocking arrangements of rope, cord, string, etc.
knot
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knots used to fasten a rope to a another (stationary or solid) object
Hitch
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knots used to fasten two ropes together
Bends
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knots used to join two parts of the rope together by interweaving the ends or strands
Splices
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used for loop, knobs, stoppers
knot
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Parts of lasso
noose, eye splice , end splice
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The loop with running knot that binds closer the more it is drawn
noose
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The end of the rope is unlaid and then bent around and spliced into its own strand of the standing part
eye splice
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Handling of cattle
lassoing cattle, restraining for branding , calf wrestling , casting down cattle
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involves the relationship of factors that causes pattern of changes in pasture production
Dynamics of Pasture Production
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Factors of Dynamics of Pasture Production
Soil, Climate , Vegetation , Animals
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It is the reasonable manipulation of the pasture utilization for a sustained production of forage DM available for grazing.
Grazing management
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Grazing method
Continuous stocking, Alternative stocking , rotational stocking , Deffered grazing
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– unrestricted, uninterrupted access
Continuous stocking
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– involves 2 paddocks being repeatedly grazed & rested in succession
Alternate stocking
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– recurring grazing and resting among paddocks in a systematic manner
Rotational stocking
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– non-systematic rotation with other land units
Deferred grazing
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Yield estimate could be affected by:
Cutting height (5-10 cm aboveground), botanical composition , moisture content (14-20% DM)
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an arbitrary number assigned to a mature cow
Animal Unit or AU
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an arbitrary number assigned to the different classes of bovine of different ages and livestock species relative to the AU definition
animal unit equivalent
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The manner of using the pasture to supply the required forage of the animal
Pasture utilization
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– time elapsed between two successive cutting of forages
Cutting interval
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– length of time of grazing in a specific land area or paddock
Grazing period
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– time elapsed between the beginning of 1 grazing period and the beginning of next grazing period in same paddock where the forage is regularly grazed and rested
Grazing cycle
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Newly grazed plants will begin its regrowth
5-6 days after grazing!!!
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External Parasites
Flies, Ticks, Lice , Mites
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Types of flies
Bitting -Stable fly -horn fly -Black fly -Horse fly, Carrion/ wounds - Blow fly - screwworm - house fly, burrowing - heel fly
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Internal parasites
Flatworm, roundworm, tapeworm, protozoa
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Other causes of “poor doing”
• External Parasites , • Malnutrition, • Pneumonia, • Mastitis, • Footrot
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Benzimidazides
fenbendazole, , albendazole
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Macrocyclic lactones
ivermectin, moxidectin, eprinomectin
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Imidazothiazoles
Levamisole
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Protozoa
Babesiosis , Coccidiosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Neosporiasis, Trichomoniasis
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Inflammation of udder
Mastitis
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Routes of administration
Oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous , intraperitoneal
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Lack of milk due to mastitis
Agalactia
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Having hard to breathe
dyspnea
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Animal welfare act of 1998
RA 8485