History

Mutated Lemon · 100問 · 2年前

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(Roman god and goddess of Agriculture),

Saturn and Ceres

god of Manure named

Stercutius

Roman authors

(e.g., Cato, Columella, Pliny the Elder)

classified animal manures with respect to their advantages and disadvantages of most animal manures and recommended the use of green manures.

Pliny the Elder (AD 23-79)

gave the following advice- “Green manures are planted in the 5th or 6th month, and plowed under in the 7th or 8th month... Their fertilizing value is as good as silkworm excrement and well-rotted farm manure“

Tsi dynasty

was done where there were real floating gardens which made it possible to create areas for cultivation in the shallow parts of the lakes.

Chinampas agriculture in Central America

Roman agricultural literature was summarized by

Crescentius

Ceramicist and hydraulic engineer wrote: “Manure is carried to the field for the purpose of restoring to the latter a part of what had been removed... Proceeding thus you will restore to the soil the same substances that have been removed by previous crops and which following crops will regain to their advantage”.

Bernard Palissy (1510-1589)

Willow tree experiment was another milestone in the history of Plant nutrition. He has explained about the Principle of Vegetation and what do plants eat?

Van Helmont‟s (1577-1644)

also performed experiments that involved combusting charcoal and reported that 62 lbs of charcoal produced, 1 lb of ash. He wrote that the other 61 lbs consisted of the "spirit of the wood," which he called"gas".

Van Helmont

invented the grain drill and many complementary technologies that resulted i

Jethro Tull (1731)

Swiss chemist and plant physiologist in the early 1800s, rejected most of the principle of vegetation concepts of his predecessors and arrived at many ground breaking conclusions:  Soil, not air, supplies plants with N

Nicolas-Théodore De Saussure (1804),

rejected the humus theory and gave the conclusion as “The conclusion should have been reached long ago that humus is not such an important substance as we have been led to believe, and that the current doctrine of humus is exceedingly full of contradictions.”

Carl Sprengel (1838)

was a pioneering German chemist who wrote and lectured extensively about the mineral nutrition of plants. As the first professor to use the laboratory method of teaching chemistry, he is regarded as one o f the greatest chemistry educators of all time.

Justus von Liebig (1840)

founded the first agricultural experiment station in Rothamsted and conducted Broadbalk experiment which is continuous growing of wheat for more than 160 years. This is the oldest agricultural field experiment in the world.

Lawes and Gilbert (1843)

opened one of the first fertilizer factories in Europe and needed to convince farmers that they should use his fertilizers.

JB Lawes

demonstrated the value of N and P fertilizer and stated that manure was not necessary to produce high crop yields. However, the plots receiving both manure and fertilizer often produced the highest yields.

Broadbalk

started Morrow Plots at the University of Illinois which is the oldest agronomic experiment in the U.S.

Hopkins and Pettit (1876)

The book written by Cyril Hopkins

Soil Fertility and Permanent Agriculture”

farmers had limited opportunities to purchase nutrients. Some used guano imported from South America.

19th century

designed a Laboratory apparatus for producing NH3 from H2 and N2. The catalytic process took place in the large cylinder

Fritz Haber

, a French researcher, to the discovery of two new fertilizer laws in the 1960s. These laws are known as the Law of the Maximum and Law of the priority of biological quality.

Andre Voisin (1903-1964)

Law of andre voisin

Law of maximum, Law of the priority of biological quality

: “An excessive amount of available substance in soil limits the effectiveness of other substances and in consequence leads to a decrease in yields”

Law of maximum

: “The main goal of fertilizer use should be to improve the biological quality which is of higher importance than the amount of yield

Law of the priority of Biological Quality

The amazing effectiveness of the “chemicalization‟ of agricultural production and utilization of the achievements of the

Green Revolution in the 1980s

in 1910 mentioned that “Legumes can fix their own Nitrogen if they have the appropriate bacteria”.

Cyril Hopkins “Soil Fertility and Permanent Agriculture”

introduce the Law of the Minimum but deserves credit for popularizing the concept.

Justus von Liebig

: “All sorts of dung and compost contain some matter, which, when mixed with the soil, ferments therein; and by such ferment dissolves, crumbles, and divides the earth very much

Tull’s theory of plant nutrition

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