Study of the FORM and STRUCTURE

The word “anatomy” comes from the Greek words “___” meaning “___" and “___"meaning ___“” Traditionally, studies of anatomy have involved cutting up, or dissecting, organisms

The study of structure on a smaller level and requires the use of optical instruments.

Two types of anatomy

The study of structure visible through the naked eye, and typically done using dissection.

Organ / organ system that function in well-coordinated manner to enable survival, growth and reproduction.

Structures found outside which is an integral part of organ system internally.

Study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole.

Organizations of living systems

Basic unit of structure and function of all living things.

Group of cells of the same kind.

Structure composed of one or more types of tissues. The tissues of an organ work together to perfume a specific function.

Group of organs that work together to perform a certain function.

 is a system possessing the characteristics of living things—the ability to obtain and process energy, the ability to respond to environmental changes, and the ability to reproduce.

characteristic of all living to maintain stability, static or constant conditions in internal environment.

Forms the external covering of the body providing protection, preventing desiccation, supplying sensory information about the environment and synthesizing vitamin D.

Functions in support, protection, and movement. Also important in blood cell formation and mineral storage.

Functions in movement, maintains posture, and generates heat.

Through its functions of sensory input, integration, and motor output, it quickly helps the animal interact with the internal and external environment.

Includes blood vessels and the heart, which function to carry nutrients and waste throughout the body

Collectively, all the endocrine-secreting cells; these produce hormones that help maintain the internal environment.

Returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood and contains phagocytic cells involved in immunity.

Provides oxygen and eliminates CO2

Assimilation, breakdown, and absorption of nutrients. Provides important immunological barrier against external environment.

Functions to produce offspring

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, maintains fluid and electrolyte balance, and has an endocrine function.

MRS GREN

is a hypothetical planes used to transect the body, in order to describe the location of structures or the direction of movements.

divides the body longitudinally into symmetrical right and left halves; can be described as ‘the line down the middle of the animal’ from nose to tail

near to the surface of the body

closer to the center of the body

towards the front of the animal (i.e., towards the head)

towards the rear end or tail of the animal (i.e., away from the head)

structures that lie towards or near the median plane (i.e., closer to the middle of the animal)

structures that lie towards the side of the animal (i.e., away from the median plane)

towards or near the back or vertebral column of the animal and the corresponding surfaces of the head, neck and tail

towards or near the belly or lowermost surface of the body and the corresponding surfaces of the head, neck and tail

towards the nose; used to describe the position of structures on the head

structures or part of the structure that lie close to the main mass of the body (e.g., the ‘top’ of the limb that attaches to the body); also used to describe parts that lie near the origin of a structure

structures or part of the structure that lie away from the main mass of the body or origin (e.g., the free end of the limb)

the rear surface of the fore paw that bears the footpads; the opposite surface (i.e., the front surface of the paw) is the dorsal surface

the rear surface of the hind paw that bears the footpads; the opposite surface (as above) is the dorsal surface

which divides the body into left and right. This passes through the head, spinal cord, navel, and, in many animals, the tail. plane passing longitudinally through the body or head, dividing it into equal right and left parts.

plane perpendicular to the long axis of the body, head, limb, or organ which divides it into cranial and caudal parts.

plane at right angles to the median and transverse planes which divides the body into dorsal and ventral portions.

structures that lie towards the side of the animal (i.e., away from the median plane)

towards or near the back or vertebral column of the animal and the corresponding surfaces of the head, neck and tail

the proximity to the surface of the body.

the proximity to the center of an anatomical structure of the body.

is your body's outermost layer, which includes the skin, nails, hair, and glands. It functions to protect your body from the outside world.

is the largest organ of the body

skin is the largest organ of the body and, depending on the species and age, may represent ________of an animal’s body weight.

Anatomically, the skin consists of the following structures:

It is the outermost layer of the skin and contains no blood cells.

act as a physical and biological barrier to the external environment, preventing penetration by irritants and allergens. At the same time, it prevents the loss of water and maintains internal homeostasis.

- made up of 95% of the cell in the epidermis. - Strengthen epidermis, makes it resistant to mechanical trauma. - Arrange into Strata (layers)

Epidermis Strata

- Most superficial layer of the epidermis. - Several layers of dead, fattened keratinocytes. - Sheds dead keratinocytes

- Found in thick skin - Clear layer of dead keratinocytes

- Middle layer of the epidermis - 3-5 rows of cells - named for prominent granules - excretes a lipid based substance.

- Thickest stratum of the epidermis. - Named due to the spiky appearing cells. - help to synthesize vitamin D.

- deepest layer of the epidermis. - Richest supply of blood - Also known as Stratum Germinativum.

forms the inner layer of the skin and is much thicker than the epidermis (1-5mm). Situated between the basement membrane zone and the subcutaneous layer, the primary role of the dermis is to sustain and support the epidermis.  Houses of blood supply.

- Superficial layer - Consist of loose connective tissue - Collagen fibers anchor dermis and epidermis together.

-Deepest and thickest layer of the dermis. - Consist of dense irregular connective tissue - Collagen fiber strengthen the dermis - Elastic Fiber that allow skin to revert after stretching. - Blood vessels and accessory structures (hair, sweat glands and sebaceous gland) - Sensory receptors.

(protein) is produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale. More melanin is synthesized when exposed to UV radiation.

Function of Melanin:

- it gives yellow-orange pigment - Lipid-soluble molecule - usually ingested in diet.

- Gives pinkish hue in skin - Protein found in red blood cells.

Are filamentous structure that project from the skin’s (thin skin) surface. Sensory neurons that contribute to the sensation to the environment.

Hair structure

project from the surface of the skin.

tiny bands of smooth muscle that cause hair to stand up when they contract, this is known as PILOERECTION.

Enfolding surrounding of the hair root.

structure at the deep end of the fair follicle.

indentation at the base of the hair bulb that contains blood vessels.

deliver essential nutrients and oxygen to the rapidly dividing cells in the hair bulb and follicle, ensuring the metabolic demands of active hair growth are met.

Are hard structures located at the end of digits that contain hard keratin. It's function to protect the underlying tissue and enable gripping and manipulation.

Parts of nail

deep to the nail plate, nourishes and protect the nail.

visible part of the nail.

Covers the edge of the root.

supplies oxygen to the nail, cite of nail growth.

found at the base of the nail, protect matrix from infection.

Crescent shaped area where keratin accumulates.

skin that lies under the free edge of the nail.

Skin has two main types of gland

The Sweat Glands main function is to control body temperature through water evaporation from the skin

Cows do sweat, but they don’t sweat ‘efficiently’ as they reportedly sweat at only ___ the rate humans do.

They also have the ability to “produce a type of foam or lather their bodies” because their sweat has a natural detergent called ?

small oil-producing gland present in the skin of mammals. Sebaceous glands are usually attached to hair follicles and release a fatty substance, sebum, into the follicular duct and thence to the surface of the skin.

Sebaceous gland, small oil-producing gland present in the skin of mammals. Sebaceous glands are usually attached to hair follicles and release a fatty substance, ___, into the follicular duct and thence to the surface of the skin.

is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body.

in vertebrates are controlled through the nervous system although some muscles can be completely autonomous

Basic physiological property of muscle tissue

Types of movement

moving from one place to another (like walking or running)

movement of organs or tissues that result in normal functioning of the body

Types of musle movement (ROT)