L1

100問 • 1年前

問題一覧

Study of the FORM and STRUCTURE

Anatomy

The word “anatomy” comes from the Greek words “___” meaning “___" and “___"meaning ___“” Traditionally, studies of anatomy have involved cutting up, or dissecting, organisms

Ana - up, tome - a cutting.

The study of structure on a smaller level and requires the use of optical instruments.

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

Two types of anatomy

GROSS ANATOMY, MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

The study of structure visible through the naked eye, and typically done using dissection.

GROSS ANATOMY

Organ / organ system that function in well-coordinated manner to enable survival, growth and reproduction.

Internal anatomy

Structures found outside which is an integral part of organ system internally.

External Anatomy

Study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole.

physiology

Organizations of living systems

Atom, Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

Basic unit of structure and function of all living things.

CELL

Group of cells of the same kind.

TISSUE

Structure composed of one or more types of tissues. The tissues of an organ work together to perfume a specific function.

ORGAN

Group of organs that work together to perform a certain function.

ORGAN SYSTEM

is a system possessing the characteristics of living things—the ability to obtain and process energy, the ability to respond to environmental changes, and the ability to reproduce.

ORGANISM

characteristic of all living to maintain stability, static or constant conditions in internal environment.

HOMEOSTASIS

Forms the external covering of the body providing protection, preventing desiccation, supplying sensory information about the environment and synthesizing vitamin D.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Functions in support, protection, and movement. Also important in blood cell formation and mineral storage.

SKELETAL SYSTEM:

Functions in movement, maintains posture, and generates heat.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Through its functions of sensory input, integration, and motor output, it quickly helps the animal interact with the internal and external environment.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Includes blood vessels and the heart, which function to carry nutrients and waste throughout the body

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Collectively, all the endocrine-secreting cells; these produce hormones that help maintain the internal environment.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:

Returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood and contains phagocytic cells involved in immunity.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Provides oxygen and eliminates CO2

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Assimilation, breakdown, and absorption of nutrients. Provides important immunological barrier against external environment.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:

Functions to produce offspring

Reproductive system

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, maintains fluid and electrolyte balance, and has an endocrine function.

URINARY SYSTEM

MRS GREN

Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition

is a hypothetical planes used to transect the body, in order to describe the location of structures or the direction of movements.

anatomical plane

divides the body longitudinally into symmetrical right and left halves; can be described as ‘the line down the middle of the animal’ from nose to tail

Median plane

near to the surface of the body

Superficial

closer to the center of the body

Deep

towards the front of the animal (i.e., towards the head)

Cranial/anterior

towards the rear end or tail of the animal (i.e., away from the head)

Caudal/posterior

structures that lie towards or near the median plane (i.e., closer to the middle of the animal)

Medial

structures that lie towards the side of the animal (i.e., away from the median plane)

Lateral

towards or near the back or vertebral column of the animal and the corresponding surfaces of the head, neck and tail

Dorsal

towards or near the belly or lowermost surface of the body and the corresponding surfaces of the head, neck and tail

Ventral

towards the nose; used to describe the position of structures on the head

Rostral

structures or part of the structure that lie close to the main mass of the body (e.g., the ‘top’ of the limb that attaches to the body); also used to describe parts that lie near the origin of a structure

Proximal

structures or part of the structure that lie away from the main mass of the body or origin (e.g., the free end of the limb)

Distal

the rear surface of the fore paw that bears the footpads; the opposite surface (i.e., the front surface of the paw) is the dorsal surface

Palmar

the rear surface of the hind paw that bears the footpads; the opposite surface (as above) is the dorsal surface

Plantar

which divides the body into left and right. This passes through the head, spinal cord, navel, and, in many animals, the tail. plane passing longitudinally through the body or head, dividing it into equal right and left parts.

MEDIAN PLANE

plane perpendicular to the long axis of the body, head, limb, or organ which divides it into cranial and caudal parts.

TRANSVERSE PLANE

plane at right angles to the median and transverse planes which divides the body into dorsal and ventral portions.

DORSAL PLANE

structures that lie towards the side of the animal (i.e., away from the median plane)

Lateral

towards or near the back or vertebral column of the animal and the corresponding surfaces of the head, neck and tail

DORSAL

the proximity to the surface of the body.

SUPERFICIAL

the proximity to the center of an anatomical structure of the body.

DEEP

is your body's outermost layer, which includes the skin, nails, hair, and glands. It functions to protect your body from the outside world.

integumentary system

is the largest organ of the body

skin

skin is the largest organ of the body and, depending on the species and age, may represent ________of an animal’s body weight.

12%–24%

Anatomically, the skin consists of the following structures:

epidermis, dermis, appendageal system, subcutaneous muscles and fat

It is the outermost layer of the skin and contains no blood cells.

Epidermis

act as a physical and biological barrier to the external environment, preventing penetration by irritants and allergens. At the same time, it prevents the loss of water and maintains internal homeostasis.

epidermis

- made up of 95% of the cell in the epidermis. - Strengthen epidermis, makes it resistant to mechanical trauma. - Arrange into Strata (layers)

Keratinocytes (cytes-cells)

Epidermis Strata

Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale

- Most superficial layer of the epidermis. - Several layers of dead, fattened keratinocytes. - Sheds dead keratinocytes

Stratum Corneum

- Found in thick skin - Clear layer of dead keratinocytes

Stratum Lucidum

- Middle layer of the epidermis - 3-5 rows of cells - named for prominent granules - excretes a lipid based substance.

Stratum Granulosum

- Thickest stratum of the epidermis. - Named due to the spiky appearing cells. - help to synthesize vitamin D.

Stratum Spinosum

- deepest layer of the epidermis. - Richest supply of blood - Also known as Stratum Germinativum.

Stratum Basale

forms the inner layer of the skin and is much thicker than the epidermis (1-5mm). Situated between the basement membrane zone and the subcutaneous layer, the primary role of the dermis is to sustain and support the epidermis. Houses of blood supply.

dermis

- Superficial layer - Consist of loose connective tissue - Collagen fibers anchor dermis and epidermis together.

Papillary Layer

-Deepest and thickest layer of the dermis. - Consist of dense irregular connective tissue - Collagen fiber strengthen the dermis - Elastic Fiber that allow skin to revert after stretching. - Blood vessels and accessory structures (hair, sweat glands and sebaceous gland) - Sensory receptors.

Reticular Layer

(protein) is produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale. More melanin is synthesized when exposed to UV radiation.

Melanin

Function of Melanin:

Protect Keratinocytes from mutating due to UV exposure., Prevent the skin from synthesizing too much Vitamin D in response to radiaton.

- it gives yellow-orange pigment - Lipid-soluble molecule - usually ingested in diet.

Carotene

- Gives pinkish hue in skin - Protein found in red blood cells.

Hemoglobin

Are filamentous structure that project from the skin’s (thin skin) surface. Sensory neurons that contribute to the sensation to the environment.

Hair

Hair structure

Hair shaft, Arrector pili muscle, Hair follicle, Hair bulb, Hair papilla, Capillary

project from the surface of the skin.

Hair shaft

tiny bands of smooth muscle that cause hair to stand up when they contract, this is known as PILOERECTION.

Arrector Pili Muscle

Enfolding surrounding of the hair root.

Hair follicle

structure at the deep end of the fair follicle.

Hair bulb

indentation at the base of the hair bulb that contains blood vessels.

Hair papilla

deliver essential nutrients and oxygen to the rapidly dividing cells in the hair bulb and follicle, ensuring the metabolic demands of active hair growth are met.

Capillary

Are hard structures located at the end of digits that contain hard keratin. It's function to protect the underlying tissue and enable gripping and manipulation.

Nail

Parts of nail

Nail bed, Nail body, Proximal nail fold, Nail matrix, Eponychium, Lenula, Hyponechium

deep to the nail plate, nourishes and protect the nail.

Nail Bed

visible part of the nail.

Nail Body

Covers the edge of the root.

Proximal Nail Fold

supplies oxygen to the nail, cite of nail growth.

Nail Matrix

found at the base of the nail, protect matrix from infection.

Eponychium

Crescent shaped area where keratin accumulates.

Lenula

skin that lies under the free edge of the nail.

Hyponychium

Skin has two main types of gland

Sudoriferous gland, Sebaceous gland

The Sweat Glands main function is to control body temperature through water evaporation from the skin

Eccrine sweat glands, Apocrine sweat glands, Ceruminous gland, Mammary gland

Cows do sweat, but they don’t sweat ‘efficiently’ as they reportedly sweat at only ___ the rate humans do.

10%

They also have the ability to “produce a type of foam or lather their bodies” because their sweat has a natural detergent called ?

latherin

small oil-producing gland present in the skin of mammals. Sebaceous glands are usually attached to hair follicles and release a fatty substance, sebum, into the follicular duct and thence to the surface of the skin.

Sebaceous gland

Sebaceous gland, small oil-producing gland present in the skin of mammals. Sebaceous glands are usually attached to hair follicles and release a fatty substance, ___, into the follicular duct and thence to the surface of the skin.

sebum

is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body.

muscular system

in vertebrates are controlled through the nervous system although some muscles can be completely autonomous

muscular systems

Basic physiological property of muscle tissue

Contractibility, Excitability, Extensibility, Elasticity

Types of movement

Ambulation, Contraction

moving from one place to another (like walking or running)

Ambulation

movement of organs or tissues that result in normal functioning of the body

Contraction

Types of musle movement (ROT)

Abductor, Adductor, Flexor, Extensor, Elevator, Depressor, Rotator, Supinator, Pronator

100

moves a part away from the midline

Abductor

Soil Tech Midterm 1

Mutated Lemon · 100問 · 2年前

Soil Tech Midterm 1