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99問 • 1年前

問題一覧

(PNS OA) or?

Philippine National Standard for Organic Agriculture

any product or commodity, raw or processed, that is marketed for human consumption (excluding water, salt, and additives) or animal feed.

Agricultural product/product of agricultural origin

any product or commodity, raw or processed, that is marketed for human consumption (excluding water, salt, and additives) or animal feed.

Agricultural product/product of agricultural origin

ruminant (e.g. cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, and deer) and non-ruminant (e.g. poultry, pigs, ostrich, rabbit, and horse) livestock raised for food purposes

Animal

practices related to any domestic or domesticated, including bovine, ovine, porcine, caprine, equine, poultry, and bees, raised for food or in the production of food. The products of hunting or fishing of wild animals shall not be considered part of this definition

Animal production

crop produced by a plant whose entire life cycle is completed within a single growing season.

Annual crop

inputs composed of natural materials capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other biological means and includes compost, green manure, and plant and animal waste.

Biodegradable inputs

variety of life forms and ecosystem types on Earth. Includes genetic diversity (i.e. diversity within species), species diversity (i.e. the number and variety of species), and ecosystem diversity (total number of ecosystem types).

Biodiversity

strategic and integrated approach that encompasses the policy and regulatory frameworks (including instruments and activities) that analyse and manage risks in the sectors of food safety, animal life and health, and plant life and health, including associated environmental risk.

Biosecurity

selection of plants or animals to produce and/or to further develop desired varieties/strains/breeds.

Breeding

clearly defined and identifiable boundary area bordering an organic production site that is established to limit application of, or contact with, prohibited substances from an adjacent area

Buffer zone

procedure by which an operator or a group of operators receive written and reliably endorsed assurance from a certification body that a clearly identified process has been methodically applied in order to assess that the operator is producing specified products according to specific requirements or standards.

Certification

intentional or unintentional mixing together or the physical contact between organic products and non-organic products which are unpackaged or permeably packaged, which leads to a loss of integrity of the organic product during production, processing, transportation, storage, or handling.

Commingling

any product in solid or liquid form, of plant (except by-products from petroleum industries) or animal origin, that has undergone substantial decomposition that can supply available nutrients to plants with a total Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P2O5), and Potassium (K2O) of 2.5 to less than 5 percent. This may be enriched by microbial inoculants and naturally occurring minerals but no chemical or inorganic fertilizer material has been used in the production or added to the finished product to affect the nutrient content.

Compost

contact of organic crops, animals, land, or products with substance that would compromise the organic integrity.

Contamination

any material, production, or processing practice that is not certified organic or organic “in- conversion”.

Conventional

time between the start of organic management and certification of the crop or animal production system or site as organic.

Conversion period (transition period)

practice of alternating the species or families of annual and/or biennial crops grown on a specific field in a planned pattern or sequence so as to break weed, pest, and disease cycles and to maintain or improve soil fertility and organic matter content.

Crop rotation

to reduce, by physical or chemical means, the number of potentially harmful microorganisms in the environment to a level that does not compromise food safety or suitability.

Disinfecting

total area of land under control of one farmer or collective of farmers, and including all the farming activities or enterprises.

Farm unit

any substance not normally consumed as a food by itself and not normally used as typical ingredient for the food, whether or not it has nutritive value, the intentional addition of which to food or a technological (including organoleptic) purpose in the manufacture, processing, preparation, treatment, packaging, transport, or holding of such food results, or may reasonably expected to result, (directly or indirectly) in it or its by-products becoming a component of or otherwise affecting the characteristics of such foods. The term does not include contaminants or substances added to food for maintaining or improving nutritional qualities.

Food additive

organisms made with techniques that alter the molecular or cell biology of an organism by means that are not possible under natural conditions or processes. Genetic engineering includes recombinant DNA, cell fusion, micro- and macro- encapsulation, gene deletion and doubling, introducing a foreign gene, and changing the positions of genes. It shall not include breeding, conjugation, fermentation, hybridization, in-vitro fertilization, and tissue culture.

Genetically engineered/modified organisms (GEO/GMO’s)

crop that is grown and then incorporated into the soil for the purpose of soil improvement, prevention of erosion, prevention of nutrient loss, mobilization and accumulation of plant nutrients, and balancing soil organic matter.

Green manure

area over which a plant or animal species naturally exist (e.g. ocean, seashore, riverbank, woodland, and grassland).

Habitat

plant that is not woody and with no persistent parts above ground level.

Herb

areas that have been identified as having outstanding and critical importance due to their environmental, cultural, socioeconomic, biodiversity, or landscape values.

High conservation value areas

treatment of disease based on administration of remedies prepared through successive dilutions of a substance that in higher concentration produces symptoms in healthy subjects similar to those of the disease itself.

Homeopathic

labeling term that denotes produce and products of plant that are obtained through production and/or processing in accordance with organic agriculture in conversion period intended to market as food.

In-conversion/conversion to organic

any substance, excluding a food additive, used in the manufacture or preparation of a food and present in the final product.

Ingredient

examination of food or systems for control of food, raw materials, processing, and distribution, including in-process and finished product testing, in order to verify that they conform to requirements. For organic food, inspection includes the examination of the production and processing system.

Inspection

technology using high-energy emissions from radio-nucleotides, such as gamma rays, x-rays, or accelerated electrons, capable of altering a product’s molecular structure for the purpose of controlling microbial contaminants, pathogens, parasites, and pests in products (generally food), preserving products, or inhibiting physiological processes such as sprouting or ripening. Irradiation does not include low-level radiation sources such as the use of X-rays for foreign body detection

Ionizing radiation (irradiation)

individual and separate forms of nutrients.

Isolated nutrients

any written, printed, or graphic representation that is present on the label of a product, accompanies the product, or is displayed near the product at the point of sale, for the purpose of promoting its sale or disposal.

Labeling

holistic production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity; emphasizes the use of management practices over the use of off-farm inputs; and utilizes cultural, biological, and mechanical methods as opposed to synthetic materials. combines tradition, innovation, and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved.

Organic agriculture

adherence to the principles, objectives, and standards for organic production.

Organic integrity

any agricultural produce that is produced according to the organic agriculture or gathered from nature, and/or handled with post-harvest management.

Organic produce

product that has been produced or processed, and handled in compliance with organic standards.

Organic product

written plan for management of an organic crop, livestock, wild harvesting, processing, handling, or grower group operation which specifies the organic management system used by the operation in order to comply with organic standards and which has been agreed upon by both the operator and the certification agent.

Organic management plan

simultaneous production, processing, or handling of organic and non-organic (including transitional) crops, livestock, and/or other agricultural products of the same or similar (indistinguishable) varieties.

Parallel production

any crop, other than a biennial crop, that can be harvested from the same planting for more than one crop year, or that requires at least one year after planting before harvest.

Perennial

any substance or material, not including apparatus or utensils, and not consumed as a food ingredient by itself, intentionally used in the processing of raw materials, foods, or its ingredients, to fulfill a certain technical purpose during treatment or processing and which may result in the non-intentional, but unavoidable presence of residues or derivatives in the final product.

Processing aid

any treatment that is effective in destroying or substantially reducing the number of vegetative cells of microorganisms of public health concern and other undesirable microorganisms.

Sanitizing

where only part of the farm or processing unit is certified as organic. The remainder of the property can be (a) non-organic, (b) in conversion, or (c) organic but not certified.

Split production

substance that is formulated or manufactured by a chemical process or by a process that chemically changes a substance extracted from naturally occurring plant, animal, or mineral sources.

Synthetic

plants or portions of plants, mushrooms, and honey that are collected or harvested from defined sites which are maintained in a natural state and are not cultivated or otherwise managed

Wild harvest

fishery operation involving the breeding and farming of fish and fishery species in fresh, brackish and marine water areas

aquaculture

Types of aquaculture?

freshwater aquaculture, brackishwater aquaculture, mariculture, extensive aquaculture system, semi-intensive aquaculture system

fishery operation involving the raising and culturing of fish in a water body originating from lakes, reservoirs, streams and rivers having a salinity from 0 to 0.5 parts per thousand

freshwater aquaculture

farming of aquatic plants and animals in confined waters along the shoreline where the salinity maybe highly variable within each year from near freshwater during rainy season up to seawater or even higher during dry season

brackishwater aquaculture

farming of aquatic plants and animals in unconfined open waters of the sea including bays, coves and estuaries regardless of actual salinity level or depth

mariculture

known as traditional aquaculture, low stocking density (Annex 1),depend basically on available natural food in the culture facility

extensive aquaculture system

higher stocking density (Annex 1), depend on natural food which is increased over baseline levels by fertilization and use of supplementary feed

semi-intensive aquaculture system

plants that must grow in water whether rooted in the mud or floating without anchorage, plants that must complete part or all of their life cycle in or near the water

aquatic plants

any of a large number of marine benthic algae. They are macroscopic, multicellular, and macrothallic, in contrast to most other algae

macroalgae/seaweed

small microscopic aquatic photosynthetic plants. are also called phytoplankton

microalgae

synthetically produced or are found in nature but manufactured artificially and produced more economically, with greater purity and more consistent quality, than their natural counterparts

artificial ingredient

maximum size of population of a given species that can be supported in a given area or volume of a body of water which will not lead to the deterioration thereof

carrying capacity

procedure by which Organic Certifying Bodies (OCB) provides written attestation that food or inputs or food control system conform to applicable organic agriculture standards and requirements.

certification

official government agency having jurisdiction

competent authority

farming systems using artificial feeds, inorganic fertilizers and/or pesticides or failing to conform to this standard in any other way

conventional aquaculture

act of changing an aquaculture system from traditional/conventional to organic. This covers what is sometimes known as transition

conversion

time between the start of the organic management and the certification of aquaculture products as organic

conversion period

a calculation that estimates the area of the Earth’s productive land and water required to supply the resources than an individual or group demands, as well as to absorb the wastes that the individual or group produces

ecological footprint

species restricted or native to a particular region

endemic species

species that are introduced or non-native; foreign

exotic species

organisms that possess a novel combination of genetic materials obtained through the use of modern bio-technology

genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

treatment of disease based on administration of remedies prepared through successive dilutions of a substance that in larger amounts produces symptoms in healthy subjects similar to those of the disease itself

homeopathic treatment

species that are native and occur naturally to a number of places at once

indigenous species

cells used in an inoculation, such as cells added to start a culture

inoculums

process of approval of an application to operate or establish an establishment prior to engaging in the manufacture, importation, exportation, sale, offer for sale, distribution, transfer, and where applicable the use, testing, promotion, advertisement, and/or sponsorship of products

licensing

particular farming and processing systems, described in the standards and not in the classical chemical sense.

organic

any production where the same unit is growing, breeding, handling or processing the same products in both a certified organic system and a non-certified or non-organic system. A situation with “organic” and “in conversion” production of the same product is also parallel production. Parallel production is a special instance of split production

parallel production

organism having more than the diploid number of chromosomes

polyploid organism

process of approval of an application to register products prior to engaging in the manufacture, importation, exportation, sale, offer for sale, distribution, transfer, and where applicable, the use, testing, promotion, advertisement, and/or sponsorship of products

registration

norms, sets of guidelines, requirements and principles that are used as in organic aquaculture and processing.

standards

management of aquaculture and the orientation of technological and institutional change to ensure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations

sustainable aquaculture

any substance applied or administered to any food-producing animal, such as meat or milk- producing animals, poultry, fish or bees, whether used for therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic purposes or for modification of physiological functions or behaviour

veterinary drugs

organisms and their associated metabolites as well as naturally occurring substances that control pests and diseases. These are classified as botanicals, macrobials, microbials, and semiochemicals.

biological control (biocontrol) agents (BCAs)

BCA that refers to compounds and materials naturally derived or extracted from plants that demonstrate toxicity to pests and diseases involved in agriculture.

botanicals/ botanical pesticide

BCAs composed of microorganisms that include bacterium, alga, fungus, protozoan, virus, nematode, mycoplasma, rickettsia, and any associated metabolites, to which the effects of pest and disease control are attributed.

microbials / microbial control agent (MCA)

any formulation containing one or more active ingredient and inert material.

formulated product (commercial product)

combination of various ingredients designed to render the (formulated) product useful and effective for the purpose claimed and for the envisaged mode of application such as SC, WP, EC, etc.

formulation (recipe)

products resulting from degradative and biosynthetic reactions taking place within the microorganism or other organisms.

metabolites

ability of the microorganism to inflict injury and damage in the target organism after infection, and depends on resistance or susceptibility.

pathogenicity

any substance or product, or mixture thereof, including active ingredients, adjuvants, and pesticide formulations, intended to control, prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate directly or indirectly, any pest. The term shall be understood to include insecticide, fungicide, bactericide, nematocide, herbicide, molluscide, avicide, rodenticide, plant regulator, defoliant, desiccant, and the like.

pesticide

injury or damage to a target organism caused by a poison or toxin; infection, replication, or viability of the microorganism is not necessarily required.

toxicity

organic soil amendment that is produced from the same type of organic materials, at the same time and location, by the same manufacturer/producer, or made during the same cycle or period of manufacture

batch

any substance that can come in contact with organic soil amendment and compromise its organic integrity

contaminant

display of any written, printed, or graphic representation on the label of a product for the purpose of promoting its sale or disposal. Information on the label provides the sellers and the buyers with the safe and effective use of the product for which it is registered

labeling

include all the products within the scope of the Standard, i.e. organic fertilizer, organic soil conditioner, microbial inoculant, and organic plant supplement

organic soil amendments

organisms that can cause negative effects on human health

pathogens

naturally-occurring materials used in the production of organic soil amendments

raw materials

any product in solid or liquid form, derived from plants or animals that has undergone substantial decomposition that can supply available nutrients to plants with a total Nitrogen (N) - Phosphorus (P2O5) - Potassium (K2O) content of five to ten percent (5-10%).

Organic Fertilizer

any product in solid or liquid form, derived from plants or animals that has undergone substantial decomposition that can supply available nutrients to plants with a total N- P2O5 - K2O content of 2.5 to less than five percent (2.5 - < 5%).

Organic Soil Conditioner

biologically-active product containing optimum population of one or a combination of active strains of bacteria, algae, and fungi that are useful in different biological activities, such as, but not limited to: N2-fixation, decomposition of organic residues, and enhancement of nutrient availability.

Microbial Inoculant

any compound of organic origin in liquid or solid form that has a total N-P2O5-K2O content of not less than 0.5% to not more than 10% for solid and to less than 5% for liquid.

Organic Plant Supplement

increase in salt concentration in an environmental medium, notably soil (UN, 1997)

salinization

Plant material used for the production of food, forage, fibers, industrial crops, oil, flowers, grasses, herbs, and aquatic plants, including but not limited to meristem, and clonal propagules such as tubers, corms, and micro-propagated plantlets (Seed Industry Development Act of 1992, 1992).

seed

Organic operators shall harvest produce only from within the boundaries of the clearly defined wild harvest area. The wild harvest area should not have been used for agricultural purposes or have been applied with prohibited substances for at least ?

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