Photosynthesis occur in the cell organelles called

These chloroplasts contain the green pigment called

Product of photosynthesis

is a chemical reaction that takes place in the chloroplasts where light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Co2 enters through the _______ and mixes with the raw sap, becoming elaborated sap (the plant’s food).

The food is distributed to all parts of the plant through the ??

are active cell dividing sites, meristems, and reproductive sites which includes the fruit.

Structures of leaves

•Pore or openings in the epidermis of the leaves •The site of gas exchange •Bordered by guard cells which regulates the size of opening •Open in the morning and close at night

The rate of photosynthesis is Determine by several factors especially the following :

Carbon dioxide concentration in the air is quite low

In commercial greenhouses, the concentration of carbon dioxide is raised to

If temperature gets too hot (Above ________), plant enzymes begin to break down and are destroyed.

A factor present in an environment that controls a process.

Nutrient in making leaves

Nutrient in making roots

Nutrient in making flowers and fruits

Nutrient in making chlorophyll

Sources of minerals

are slowly dissolved by slightly acidic rainwater. These minerals are washed into the soil

Animal feces and the decay of dead plants and animals return mineral to the soil

these contain a ready-made mixture of the minerals needed by the plants

Nutrient supply and growth response

Growth increases with increasing nutrient supply

Growth is at maximum and remains more or less unaffected by changes in nutrient supply

Growth decreases with increasing nutrient supply

The following are the basic visual symptoms exhibited by plant under a deficient nutrient source:

• Refers to the yellowing of leaf tissue due to the lack of chlorophyll • Either interveinal or the whole leaf itself • May occur on the younger or older leaves or both • Characterized depending on severity

Severity of chlorosis

paling (lighter green to lime-green color) of interveinal tissue

entire leaf may turn yellow including the veins, followed by death of the leaf, then die back, ultimately, the death of the plant

• Death of the plant tissue • Leaf tissue turns brown to black in colour • May occur in portions some portions such as leaf tip, margins, veins, or whole leaf • Usually occurs on older leaves

• Lack of terminal growth • Death of the terminal portions of the plant • Inhibited growth of the terminal portions of the plant • May occur as r0setting, stubbly growth, deformation of the terminals

short bunchy growth habit due to shortened internodes

• Accumulation of anthocyanin • occurs on the leaf margins • More intense on the underside of the older leaves

Deficiency of mobile nutrients are seen on

Deficiency of immobile nutrients are seen on

•Light green leaf and plant color •Older leaves turn yellow (chlorosis) followed by death •Stunted growth •Plants will mature early

•Slow and stunted growth •Purple coloration of the leaves particularly on the undersides

•Edges of the leaves appear burnt (Scorching) •Lodging •Susceptibility to diseases •Impaired fruit and seed production •Poor seed and fruit quality

•Growing tips of roots and leaves will turn brown and die •Edges of leaves will Look ragged •Fruit quality is affected and blossom end rot will appear on fruits

•Older leaves are chlorotic •Interveinal chlorosis •Slowed growth •Susceptibility to diseases

• Overall light green color of the plant • Older leaves turn light green to yellow as the deficiency progresses

• Abnormal development of growing points • Apical growing points eventually become stunted and die • Flowers and fruits will abort • Yield and quality is significantly reduced in some fruits and grains • Brittle plant stems

• Younger leaves are chlorotic • Plants easily wilt

• Slowed plant growth • Stunted • Distorted young leaves • growing points will die

• Interveinal chlorosis on emerging young leaves • Eventual bleaching of the new growth • Severe deficiency causes a light green color of the entire plant

• Interveinal chlorosis of the Young leaves while other leaves and entire plant remain green. • When severe, plant is stunted

•Similar to nitrogen deficiency •Necrotic spots appear at the leaf margins •Older and middle leaves are chlorotic initially •In some instances, leaf margins are rolled •Growth and flower formation is restricted

• Upper leaves will show interveinal chlorosis with whitening of affected leaves • Banding at the basal Ppart of leaf • Small, distorted, mottled and chlorotic young/new leaves • Rosetting

• Reduced seed germination in dry conditions • Reduced plant growth • In legumes, Co deficiency result in N deficiency due to reduced nodule activity

• Necrosis of the leaf tips due to the accumulation of urea • Chlorosis of young leaves • When severe, stunting and abnormal growth pattern • Mouse ear disease

Why do plants produce seeds?

Product of fertilization and the plant growth with its modified envelopes or appendages.

The ovules after fertilization, develop into seeds. A seed is made up of a ______ and an ______.

The embryo is made up of a ______, an _______ and one (as in wheat, maize) or two _______ (as in gram and pea).

is an important feature of some fruits of commerce, ex. bananas, pineapples

where fruits set without fertilization (in some species), may or may not require pollination but most seedless citrus fruits require stimulus from pollination to produce fruit.

seedless bananas and grapes are triploids, and seedlessness results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, requires normal pollination and fertilization.

Seed dispersal:

is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma.

is where the embryo develops independently, but pollination is necessary for the fertilisation of endosperm nuclei and formation of germinable seeds

pseudo= gamy=

The development of fruit without fertilization or seed is called as ?

•reproductive organ of the plant •gives rise to the fruit •Produced by spermatophytes or flowering plants (seed plants).

Flower is Produced by __________ or flowering plants (seed plants).

Floral organs thathave unique shape and colors to attract pollinators.

the axis of a flower to which the other parts are attached

stalk bearing a flower or the main stalk of an inflorescence

Calyx and corolla collectively called ?

Protect the growing bud or the flower before it open.

is the male organ of the plant

Stamen is the male organ of the plant consist of;

stalk bearing a variously shaped body

tip which is filled with a fine, yellow, dust-like substances called pollen

the variously shaped apical part to which the pollen may adhere.

is the female organ of a plant.

stalk connecting the ovary to stigma; passageway for pollen

Holds the eggs awaiting fertilization; becomes the fruit.

“small egg” that grows into a seed after fertilization

Types of flower (presence of reproductive organ)

staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant, example is cucurbits

staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants, example is papaya.

perfect and staminate flowers on the same plant, example is muskmelons.

the transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma

Type of pollination

Pollen distribution

insect pollinated flowers (sunflower, orchid)

wind pollinated flowers (grass, corn, monoecious or dioecious – single seeded fruits)

water pollinated flowers (2% only, water weeds, pond weeds)

pollination transferred by animals, invertebrates (Amorseco)

bird pollinated flowers (curved, tubular shape ex. Orchids)

Bat pollinated flower (mango, banana, durian, guava and agave)

Anatomy of seed

This is the embryo sack wall

This will be the shoot

This will be the stem

This will be the root

This is the food storage

The young plant that is developing inside the seed coat