ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

69問 • 3ヶ月前

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ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

PNS/BAFS 07:2016

any product or commodity, raw or processed, that is marketed for human consumption (excluding water, salt, and additives) or animal feed.

Agricultural product/product of agricultural origin

ruminant (e.g. cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, and deer) and non-ruminant (e.g. poultry, pigs, ostrich,rabbit, and horse) livestock raised for food purposes.

Animal

practices related to any domestic or domesticated, including bovine, ovine, porcine, caprine, equine, poultry, and bees, raised for food or in the production of food. The products of hunting or fishing of wild animals shall not be considered part of this definition.

Animal production

crop produced by a plant whose entire life cycle is completed within a single growing season.

Annual crop

inputs composed of natural materials capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other biological means and includes compost, green manure, and plant and animal waste.

Biodegradable inputs

variety of life forms and ecosystem types on Earth. Includes genetic diversity (i.e. diversity within species), species diversity (i.e. the number and variety of species), and ecosystem diversity (total number of ecosystem types).

Biodiversity

strategic and integrated approach that encompasses the policy and regulatory frameworks (including instruments and activities) that analyse and manage risks in the sectors of food safety, animal life and health, and plant life and health, including associated environmental risk. Biosecurity covers the introduction of plant pests, animal pests and diseases, and zoonoses, the introduction and release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their products, and the introduction and management of invasive alien species and genotypes. It is a holistic concept of direct relevance to the sustainability of agriculture, food safety, and the protection of the environment, including biodiversity.

Biosecurity

clearly defined and identifiable boundary area bordering an organic production site that is established to limit application of, or contact with, prohibited substances from an adjacent area.

Buffer zone

selection of plants or animals to produce and/or to further develop desired varieties/strains/breeds.

Breeding

procedure by which an operator or a group of operators receive written and reliably endorsed assurance from a certification body that a clearly identified process has been methodically applied in order to assess that the operator is producing specified products according to specific requirements or standards.

Certification

intentional or unintentional mixing together or the physical contact between organic products and non-organic products which are unpackaged or permeably packaged, which leads to a loss of integrity of the organic product during production, processing, transportation, storage, or handling.

Commingling

any product in solid or liquid form, of plant (except by-products from petroleum industries) or animal origin, that has undergone substantial decomposition that can supply available nutrients to plants with a total Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P2O5), and Potassium (K2O) of 2.5 to less than 5 percent. This may be enriched by microbial inoculants and naturally occurring minerals but no chemical or inorganic fertilizer material has been used in the production or added to the finished product to affect the nutrient content. Compost and soil conditioner are used interchangeably in this Standard.

Compost

contact of organic crops, animals, land, or products with substance that would compromise the organic integrity.

Contamination

any material, production, or processing practice that is not certified organic or organic “in-conversion”.

Conventional

time between the start of organic management and certification of the crop or animal production system or site as organic.

Conversion period (transition period)

practice of alternating the species or families of annual and/or biennial crops grown on a specific field in a planned pattern or sequence so as to break weed, pest, and disease cycles and to maintain or improve soil fertility and organic matter content.

Crop rotation

to reduce, by physical or chemical means, the number of potentially harmful microorganisms in the environment to a level that does not compromise food safety or suitability.

Disinfecting

total area of land under control of one farmer or collective of farmers, and including all the farming activities or enterprises.

Farm unit

any substance not normally consumed as a food by itself and not normally used as typical ingredient for the food, whether or not it has nutritive value, the intentional addition of which to food or a technological (including organoleptic) purpose in the manufacture, processing, preparation, treatment, packaging, transport, or holding of such food results, or may reasonably expected to result, (directly or indirectly) in it or its by-products becoming a component of orotherwise affecting the characteristics of such foods. The term does not include contaminants or substances added to food for maintaining or improving nutritional qualities.

Food additive

organisms made with techniques that alter the molecular or cell biology of an organism by means that are not possible under natural conditions or processes. Genetic engineering includes recombinant DNA, cell fusion, micro- and macro- encapsulation, gene deletion and doubling, introducing a foreign gene, and changing the positions of genes. It shall not include breeding, conjugation, fermentation, hybridization, in-vitro fertilization, and tissue culture.

Genetically engineered/modified organisms (GEO/GMO’s)

crop that is grown and then incorporated into the soil for the purpose of soil improvement, prevention of erosion, prevention of nutrient loss, mobilization and accumulation of plant nutrients, and balancing soil organic matter.

Green manure

area over which a plant or animal species naturally exists.

Habitat

plant that is not woody and with no persistent parts above ground level

Herb

areas that have been identified as having outstanding and critical importance due to their environmental, cultural, socioeconomic, biodiversity, or landscape values.

High conservation value areas

treatment of disease based on administration of remedies prepared through successive dilutions of a substance that in higher concentration produces symptoms in healthy subjects similar to those of the disease itself.

Homeopathic

labeling term that denotes produce and products of plant that are obtained through production and/or processing in accordance with organic agriculture in conversion period intended to market as food.

In-conversion/conversion to organic

any substance, excluding a food additive, used in the manufacture or preparation of a food and present in the final product.

Ingredient

examination of food or systems for control of food, raw materials, processing, and distribution,including in-process and finished product testing, in order to verify that they conform to requirements. For organic food, inspection includes the examination of the production and processing system.

Inspection

technology using high-energy emissions from radio-nucleotides, such as gamma rays, x-rays, or accelerated electrons, capable of altering a product’s molecular structure for the purpose of controlling microbial contaminants, pathogens, parasites, and pests in products (generally food), preserving products, or inhibiting physiological processes such as sprouting or ripening. Irradiation does not include low-level radiation sources such as the use of X-rays for foreign body detection.

Ionizing radiation (irradiation)

individual and separate forms of nutrients.

Isolated nutrients

any written, printed, or graphic representation that is present on the label of a product, accompanies the product, or is displayed near the product at the point of sale, for the purpose of promoting its sale or disposal.

Labeling

holistic production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity; emphasizes the use of management practices over the use of off-farm inputs; and utilizes cultural, biological, and mechanical methods as opposed to synthetic materials.

Organic agriculture

combines tradition, innovation, and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved.

Organic agriculture

adherence to the principles, objectives, and standards for organic production.

Organic integrity

any agricultural produce that is produced according to the organic agriculture or gathered from nature, and/or handled with post-harvest management.

Organic produce

product that has been produced or processed, and handled in compliance with organic standards.

Organic product

written plan for management of an organic crop, livestock, wild harvesting, processing, handling, or grower group operation which specifies the organic management system used by the operation in order to comply with organic standards and which has been agreed upon by both the operator and the certification agent.

Organic management plan

simultaneous production, processing, or handling of organic and non-organic (including transitional) crops, livestock, and/or other agricultural products of the same or similar (indistinguishable) varieties.

Parallel production

any crop, other than a biennial crop, that can be harvested from the same planting for more than one crop year, or that requires at least one year after planting before harvest.

Perennial

any substance or material, not including apparatus or utensils, and not consumed as a food ingredient by itself, intentionally used in the processing of raw materials, foods, or its ingredients, to fulfill a certain technical purpose during treatment or processing and which may result in the non-intentional, but unavoidable presence of residues or derivatives in the final product.

Processing aid

any treatment that is effective in destroying or substantially reducing the number of vegetative cells of microorganisms of public health concern and other undesirable microorganisms.

Sanitizing

where only part of the farm or processing unit is certified as organic. The remainder of the property can be (a) non-organic, (b) in conversion, or (c) organic but not certified

Split production

substance that is formulated or manufactured by a chemical process or by a process that chemically changes a substance extracted from naturally occurring plant, animal, or mineral sources. Substances created by naturally occurring biological processes are not considered synthetic.

Synthetic

plants or portions of plants, mushrooms, and honey that are collected or harvested from defined sites which are maintained in a natural state and are not cultivated or otherwise managed.

Wild harvest

for annual crops: at least _________ before the start of the production cycle

twelve (12) months

for perennials: at least _______ of management according to the full standards requirements before the first harvest.

eighteen (18) months

land which have not been cultivated for the past ______, including lands used as pasture and timberland;

three (3) years

areas practicing traditional agricultural practices, which fulfill the requirements of this Standard; these areas shall be verified through reliable means and sources. In such cases, inspection shall be carried out at least _________ before the first harvest; and

six (6) months

farms practicing organic agriculture for at least _________; these areas shall be verified through reliable means and sources. In such cases, inspection shall be carried out at least _______ before the harvest.

eighteen (18) months, six (6) months

No conversion period is required in the case of non-cultivated land. These areas shall not be exposed to prohibited inputs for a minimum of ______

three (3) years.

written evidences: An official attestation from government agencies (national or local) on non-application of prohibited inputs for the past ______ or research institutions, or a notarized affidavit from _____ neighbors; and

two (2) years, two (2)

Lands that have been heavily treated with synthetic chemicals shall undergo conversion for a minimum of _______ before the start of the production cycle. The competent authority decides whether this rule applies on a specific site and the required test to confirm. In such cases, the farmer should be able to provide results of contaminant analysis, which include, among others, pesticides, heavy metals, and nitrate accumulation.

three (3) years

Products may be sold with an indication referring to the conversion to organic farming (in-conversion), when the full requirements of this Standard have been met for at least _____

six (6) months.

The conversion period is ________ for hived bee colonies.

12 months

Land clearing through burning is prohibited, as per ______

Republic Act 8749 or the Clean Air Act of 1999.

Methods for pollution control and contamination management should follow at least the minimum requirements of ____________

Republic Act 9003: The Solid Waste Management Act.

The withdrawal period between the last administration of a restricted veterinary drug to an animal under organic management is to be twice the legal withdrawal period provided in the medical insert or, in a case in which this period is not specified, _________,whichever is longer. Meat, eggs of laying hens, or milk from dairy cattle must not be sold as organic during the drug administration and withdrawal period.

144 hours (6 days)

A maximum of _________ using allopathic medicines is allowed per animal per year.

three (3) treatments

Wild and hived colonies should be located in organically managed fields and/or wild natural areas within a ___________ away from fields or other areas where chemical pesticides are used and GMO crops. For stingless bees, _________ is recommended.

three (3) kilometer radius , 500 meter radius

The exotic honeybee species, ________, may also be considered.

Apis mellifera

The honey bee species preferred for use in organic beekeeping include Asian Honeybees, ____________ and Stingless honeybees,

Apis dorsata dorsata, Apis dorsata breviligula, and Apis cerana,, Tetragonula spp. and Lepidotrigona spp

The Moisture Content (MC) of ripe honey should be from ______

21 to 23%.

____________ of the honey comb or stores should be reserved and not cut. These serve as food reserve of the bees during the dearth period.

Twenty percent (20%)

Abovementioned records (including those related to use of sub-contractors) shall follow a retention period of at least ________

five (5) years.

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