moves a part toward the midline.

bends a limb at its joint or decreases the joint angle

straightens a limb or increases the joint angle

raises or elevates a part

lowers or depresses a part

turns a body part on its axis

rotates the palmar or plantar surface upward

rotates the palmar of plantar surface downward

Types of muscle

Also known as Striated muscle -because it cell (fibre) are composed of alternating light and dark band (stripe).

Also known as voluntary muscle

Long, cylindrical multinucleated cells with dark and light bands to create a striated or striped look.

Attach bones to the body and make motion possible.

SKELETAL MUSCLE : Structure Composed of ___________. Each muscle fibre is long, cylindrical shaped with numerous nuclei.

longest muscle fibre in skeletal muscle

shortest fibre in skeletal muscle

Each fiber contains numerous _____, which are made up of thick and thin threads.

Thick myofilament is composed of larger protein

Thin myofilament is composed of smaller protein

Skeletal tissue shows a pattern of

It get its name because it is not striated, and appear smooth under microscope

Also called involuntary muscle because it is controlled by Autonomic Nervous System.

Muscle fiber is long (but not nearly as long as skeletal muscle fiber),spindle shaped and slender. Contain only one nucleus, situated at the center of the fiber at the broadest part

Smooth muscle fiber is enclosed by ______, and contain numerous longitudinal myofibrils

is enclosed by sarcolemma, and contain numerous longitudinal myofibrils

Actin and myosin myofilaments within myofibrils are very thin and are arranged more randomly than in skeletal muscle, so there is no stripes

is found only in the heart. Similar to skeletal muscle, it has cross striations in its cells, but cardiac muscle has a single, centrally-located nucleus; the muscle branches in many directions.

The study of bones that are collectively make up the skeleton or the framework of the body is called ?

form the framework that supports & protects the animal; within the bone is the red bone marrow (hematopoietic - form red blood cells, white blood cells, & clotting cells)

aid in the movement of the body

protects the ends of bones where they contact each other; also found in the ear and nose.

Is tough flexible material that pads joins which act as cushion between bones at a joint and protect the bones

Initially animal skeletons is made up of

Three types of cartillage tissues

It is the most prevalent cartilage (nasal)

A cartilage able to withstand repeated bending (auricle)

A cartilage found menisci of the knee b/n vertebrae

are the sturdy cables, connecting muscles to bones, allowing them to pull and move joints.

are the elastic bands, connecting bone to bone, providing stability and preventing excessive movement.

acts as the smooth, shock-absorbing pads at joint surfaces, cushioning bones and enabling smooth gliding.

Tendon is for? Ligament is for? Cartilage is for?

Found at the center of some of the bones produces new red blood cells and white blood cells that the body needs to stay healthy.

The bones hold the body’s supply of important minerals like ____ and ______

Composition of bone

makes the bone resilience and tough. collaagen

this made the bone and rigidity to bones and make them resist the passage of x-rays.

Is a living structure having blood and nerve supply

Bone can be weakened and reduced by disuse it is called?

Classification of Bones According to Gross Appearance

are easily identified by their extended longitudinal axis. These bones are characterized by their elongated shape, with a shaft (diaphysis) and two expanded ends (epiphyses). They provide support, facilitate movement, and serve as a reservoir for bone marrow. Examples of long bones include the femur, humerus, and tibia.

Elongated and cylindrical form with enlarged extremities, contains marrow cavity

Components of long bone

Refers to extremities of long bone

Cylindrical shaft of long bone situated between Epiphysis

It is a layer of hyaline cartillage that separates diaphysis from epiphysis, it is the only area where bone can increase in length

A bone one that is cube-like in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. It provide stability and support as well as some limited motion.

Are cuboid approximately equal to all dimensions, no marrow cavity, found in complex bones of carpus (knee joint of the fore limbs) and tarsus (hock joint of the hindlimbs)

It is typically thin, it is also often curved. Examples include the cranial (skull) bones, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone), and the ribs. It serve as points of attachment for muscles and often protect internal organs.

Relatively thin and expanded in two dimensions, function chiefly for protection of vital organs such as brain, heart, and the lungs

 is one that does not have any easily characterized shape and therefore does not fit any other classification. These bones tend to have more complex shapes, like the vertebrae that support the spinal cord and protect it from compressive forces. Many facial bones, particularly the ones containing sinuses, are classified as irregular bones.

a small bone, round bone that, as the name suggests, is shaped like a sesame seed.

protect tendons by helping them overcome compressive forces. It vary in number and placement but are typically found in tendons associated with the feet, hands, and knees.

Is the largest sesamoid bone in the body

Depending on the region that the bone found; skeleton can be dividen into 3 parts

Skeleton that runs from the skull to the tip of the tail

Bones of the limbs

Bones found deeply embedded by muscle at visceral organ

Is the part of the skeleton that shapes the head and the face

Provide protection for brains, organs of special sense like sight, hearing and balance, smell and taste

The skull is divided into two groups of bone parts

Unpaired bone of the face

The largest bone in the face and forms the lower jaw

Median bones that form the ventral part of the nasal cavity

A bony framework that gives support to the pharynx, larynx and tongue

supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord.

Vertebral column Consists of individual bones called ?

Parts of vertebral column

paired cranial and caudal projections located on the dorsum of the arch

the opening in the middle of the vertebra through which the spinal cord passes

cartilage discs that separate and cushioned vertebrae

Vertebrae is organized and namely by regions

Vertebrae in the neck area (C1 Atlas, C2 Axis)

Vertebrae in chest area

Vertebrae in the loin area

Vertebrae in the sacrum area

Vertebrae in the tail area

paired bones that attach to thoracic vertebrae

forms the midline ventral portion of the rib cage.

Parts of Sternum

make up the boundaries of the thoracic cavity (rib cage) that protects the heart and lungs.

Example of appendicular skeleton

was placed between esophagus and posterior vena cava.

is a bone found within the penis of certain mammals.

part of the cardiac skeleton that stabilizes the heart during contraction and relaxation.

consists of certain bones developed in the substance of some of the viscera or soft organs