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Mutated Lemon · 100問 · 2年前

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moves a part toward the midline.

Adductor

bends a limb at its joint or decreases the joint angle

Flexor

straightens a limb or increases the joint angle

Extensor

raises or elevates a part

Elevator

lowers or depresses a part

Depressor

turns a body part on its axis

Rotator

rotates the palmar or plantar surface upward

Supinator

rotates the palmar of plantar surface downward

Pronator

Types of muscle

Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle

Also known as Striated muscle -because it cell (fibre) are composed of alternating light and dark band (stripe).

Skeletal muscle

Also known as voluntary muscle

skeletal muscle

Long, cylindrical multinucleated cells with dark and light bands to create a striated or striped look.

Skeletal muscle

Attach bones to the body and make motion possible.

Skeletal muscle

SKELETAL MUSCLE : Structure Composed of ___________. Each muscle fibre is long, cylindrical shaped with numerous nuclei.

muscle fibres

longest muscle fibre in skeletal muscle

Sartorius muscle - 12 inch

shortest fibre in skeletal muscle

stapedius muscle - 0.04 inch

Each fiber contains numerous _____, which are made up of thick and thin threads.

myofibrils

Thick myofilament is composed of larger protein

MYOSIN

Thin myofilament is composed of smaller protein

ACTIN

Skeletal tissue shows a pattern of

alternating light and dark bands

It get its name because it is not striated, and appear smooth under microscope

Smooth muscle

Also called involuntary muscle because it is controlled by Autonomic Nervous System.

Smooth muscle

Muscle fiber is long (but not nearly as long as skeletal muscle fiber),spindle shaped and slender. Contain only one nucleus, situated at the center of the fiber at the broadest part

Smooth muscle; structure

Smooth muscle fiber is enclosed by ______, and contain numerous longitudinal myofibrils

sarcolemma

is enclosed by sarcolemma, and contain numerous longitudinal myofibrils

Smooth muscle fiber

Actin and myosin myofilaments within myofibrils are very thin and are arranged more randomly than in skeletal muscle, so there is no stripes

smooth muscle

is found only in the heart. Similar to skeletal muscle, it has cross striations in its cells, but cardiac muscle has a single, centrally-located nucleus; the muscle branches in many directions.

Cardiac muscle

The study of bones that are collectively make up the skeleton or the framework of the body is called ?

OSTEOLOGY

form the framework that supports & protects the animal; within the bone is the red bone marrow (hematopoietic - form red blood cells, white blood cells, & clotting cells)

Bones

aid in the movement of the body

Joints

protects the ends of bones where they contact each other; also found in the ear and nose.

Cartilage

Is tough flexible material that pads joins which act as cushion between bones at a joint and protect the bones

Cartilage

Initially animal skeletons is made up of

Cartillage, Fibrous membranes

Three types of cartillage tissues

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage

It is the most prevalent cartilage (nasal)

hyaline cartilage

A cartilage able to withstand repeated bending (auricle)

Elastic cartilage

A cartilage found menisci of the knee b/n vertebrae

Fibrocartilage

are the sturdy cables, connecting muscles to bones, allowing them to pull and move joints.

Tendons

are the elastic bands, connecting bone to bone, providing stability and preventing excessive movement.

Ligaments

acts as the smooth, shock-absorbing pads at joint surfaces, cushioning bones and enabling smooth gliding.

Cartilage

Tendon is for? Ligament is for? Cartilage is for?

Action, Stability, Cushion

Found at the center of some of the bones produces new red blood cells and white blood cells that the body needs to stay healthy.

Bone marrow

The bones hold the body’s supply of important minerals like ____ and ______

calcium, vitamin D

Composition of bone

Organic components, Inorganic components

makes the bone resilience and tough. collaagen

Organic component

this made the bone and rigidity to bones and make them resist the passage of x-rays.

Inorganic Component

Is a living structure having blood and nerve supply

bone

Bone can be weakened and reduced by disuse it is called?

Atrophy

Classification of Bones According to Gross Appearance

Long bone (Ossa longa), short bone (Ossa brevia), Flat bone (Ossa plana), Irregular bone, Sesamoid bone

are easily identified by their extended longitudinal axis. These bones are characterized by their elongated shape, with a shaft (diaphysis) and two expanded ends (epiphyses). They provide support, facilitate movement, and serve as a reservoir for bone marrow. Examples of long bones include the femur, humerus, and tibia.

LONG BONE (Ossa longa)

Elongated and cylindrical form with enlarged extremities, contains marrow cavity

Long bone (Ossa longa)

Components of long bone

Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Metaphysis or Epiphysial cartilage

Refers to extremities of long bone

Epiphysis

Cylindrical shaft of long bone situated between Epiphysis

Diaphysis

It is a layer of hyaline cartillage that separates diaphysis from epiphysis, it is the only area where bone can increase in length

Metaphysis or Epiphysial cartilage

A bone one that is cube-like in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. It provide stability and support as well as some limited motion.

SHORT BONE (Ossa brevia)

Are cuboid approximately equal to all dimensions, no marrow cavity, found in complex bones of carpus (knee joint of the fore limbs) and tarsus (hock joint of the hindlimbs)

Short bone (Ossa brevia)

It is typically thin, it is also often curved. Examples include the cranial (skull) bones, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone), and the ribs. It serve as points of attachment for muscles and often protect internal organs.

FLAT BONE (Ossa plana)

Relatively thin and expanded in two dimensions, function chiefly for protection of vital organs such as brain, heart, and the lungs

Flat bones (Ossa plana)

is one that does not have any easily characterized shape and therefore does not fit any other classification. These bones tend to have more complex shapes, like the vertebrae that support the spinal cord and protect it from compressive forces. Many facial bones, particularly the ones containing sinuses, are classified as irregular bones.

IRREGULAR BONE

a small bone, round bone that, as the name suggests, is shaped like a sesame seed.

SESAMOID BONE

protect tendons by helping them overcome compressive forces. It vary in number and placement but are typically found in tendons associated with the feet, hands, and knees.

sesamoid bones

Is the largest sesamoid bone in the body

Patella (Knee cap)

Depending on the region that the bone found; skeleton can be dividen into 3 parts

Axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, Splanchnic or visceral skeleton

Skeleton that runs from the skull to the tip of the tail

Axial skeleton

Bones of the limbs

Appendicular skeleton

Bones found deeply embedded by muscle at visceral organ

splanchnic or visceral skeleton

Is the part of the skeleton that shapes the head and the face

skull

Provide protection for brains, organs of special sense like sight, hearing and balance, smell and taste

skull

The skull is divided into two groups of bone parts

Bones of cranium (cranial part), bones of face (facial part)

Unpaired bone of the face

Mandible, Vomer, the hyoid apparatus ( hyoid bone)

The largest bone in the face and forms the lower jaw

mandible

Median bones that form the ventral part of the nasal cavity

Vomer

A bony framework that gives support to the pharynx, larynx and tongue

The hyoid apparatus (hyoid bone)

supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord.

Vertebral column

Vertebral column Consists of individual bones called ?

vertebra (plural = vertebrae).

Parts of vertebral column

Articular processes, Vertebral foramen (Vertebral canal), Intervertebral discs

paired cranial and caudal projections located on the dorsum of the arch

Articular processes

the opening in the middle of the vertebra through which the spinal cord passes

Vertebral foramen (vertebral canal)

cartilage discs that separate and cushioned vertebrae

Intervertebral discs

Vertebrae is organized and namely by regions

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal/ Caudal

Vertebrae in the neck area (C1 Atlas, C2 Axis)

Cervical Vertebrae

Vertebrae in chest area

Thoracic vertebrae

Vertebrae in the loin area

Lumbar vertebrae

Vertebrae in the sacrum area

Sacral vertebrae

Vertebrae in the tail area

Coccygeal/ Caudal vertebrae

paired bones that attach to thoracic vertebrae

Ribs(costals)

forms the midline ventral portion of the rib cage.

Sternum (breastbone)

Parts of Sternum

Manubrium - Cranial portion, Body - Middle portion, Xiphoid process - Caudal portion

make up the boundaries of the thoracic cavity (rib cage) that protects the heart and lungs.

ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae

Example of appendicular skeleton

Scapula, Pelvis, Pectoral limbs, Pelvic limbs

was placed between esophagus and posterior vena cava.

Os diaphragmaticum (Os phrenic)

is a bone found within the penis of certain mammals.

Baculum (Os penis)

part of the cardiac skeleton that stabilizes the heart during contraction and relaxation.

Os cordis

consists of certain bones developed in the substance of some of the viscera or soft organs

Splanchnic / Visceral skeleton

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