as distinguished from the freshwater, it has a higher level of salinity, usually at 35 parts per thousand.

death rate, number of deaths in a given period of time

Forest – undisturbed areas with an average precipitation of ________ or more a year tend to be covered with forests.

longest level of organization single organism independently function can reproduce

ecosystem where the average precipitation is low and evaporation rates are high. It is further classified into three types: (1) tropical, (2) temperate, and (3) cold

states that organisms have specific ranges of minimum and maximum limits of tolerance that affect their survival, growth, and reproduction.

too much of any nutrient will likewise limit growth

An ecosystem that has been modified for agricultural use is called an?

Characteristics of Population

cycle that involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system. Of the many processes involved in the water cycle, the most important are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

Stage of water cycle

A semi-natural or modified natural system managed by humans for food and agricultural production purposes.

covers both the physical sciences (physics, chemistry, biology, geology, geography, resource technology, and engineering) and social sciences (resource conservation and management, demography, economics, politics and ethics) - Miller, 1994

It is a way of putting together what we are studying and placing into a process useful for decision-making. It can be done by weekly monitoring and considering different factors such as:

the process of conversion of nitrogen from the gaseous state, N2, to the usable ammonia, NH3 and nitrate, NO3

Any water that doesn't run directly to bodies of water or get quickly evaporated, will be absorbed by plants and soil, where it may be driven deeper to the earth.

wherein the host provides nourishment to the parasite. This interaction could cause physical and physiological effects to the host.

oikos, meaning

unit of nature consistency of more than a community of living organisms and their interaction with non-living ones

rare in nature, occuring where the soil is generally rich so that the plants can grow and thrive anywhere.

the process where water runs over the surface of earth.

process where ice directly converts into water vapors without converting into liquid water

Natural Freshwater Ecosystems

Law of energy

total of all the ecosystems on Earth

populations of different species living together and sharing the same habitat

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND ECOSYSTEM

undisturbed areas with an average precipitation of 750 mm or more a year tend to be covered with forests.

distribution of organisms over the space where they are found

process similar to evaporation where liquid water is turned into water vapor by the plants.

the process by which nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere. Denitrifying fungi and bacteria perform the process to acquire oxygen such as Pseudomonas that convert nitrates into gaseous nitrogen in an oxygenated environment.

theoretical capacity to produce the max number of offsprings in ideal conditions

Determine weed density as ?

involves the breakdown of organisms and their proteins and nucleic acids are further broken down into amino acids. The amino acids are converted into carbon dioxide, water and ammonia, with a release of energy. The ammonia is the usable form of nitrogen that plant roots may absorb.

wherein a commensal attaches itself to the host while it is neither helped nor harmed.

Food chain levels

birth rate, number of new individuals produced in the population for a period of time

Steps in Phosphorous Cycle

Environmental principles

opposite of dominance no single species has a greater number or biomass of other relative importance than other species in the community

most common type of pattern

when there is not enough of a certain nutrient in the environment, the growth of the organism that needs that nutrient will be severely limited

Properties of Community

feed on herbivores and other consumers occupy different levels according to what they feed

is where bacteria such as Nitrosomonas use ammonia to produce their energy needs by converting it to nitrous acid and water, and then to nitrate and nitrite with a yield of energy.

The following are the classification of biogeochemical cycles

ecosystems whose physical nature is dominated by the presence of water and supports a distinct set of producers (plants) and animals.

population according to the age bracket

wherein predator eats the prey.

It is the study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their physical and biological environment.

number of individuals or the total population per unit space

Three types and dispersion

Example of Terrestrial ecosystem

sequence of eating and being eaten each level or link in the chain is called trophic level

plants and photosynthetic organisms occupies the first level

is a biogeochemical process that involves the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

Nitrogen cycle

It is a functional unit of nature consisting of more than a community of living organisms (biotic factors) and their interaction with n

plant feeders occupy the second level

degree of crowdness of population

Desert – ecosystem where the average precipitation is low and evaporation rates are high. It is further classified into three types:

the main nutrient source for the plants/producers in this ecosystem is the water.

nutrients move through the ecosystem in cycles called?

The clouds (condensed water vapors) then pour down as ____________ due to wind or temperature change.

states that as energy is transformed, it degrades or diminishes.

interaction between two species where both are benefited.

process that moves carbon between plants, animals, and microbes; minerals in the earth; and the atmosphere.

Marine ecosystems – as distinguished from the freshwater, it has a higher level of salinity, usually at ____________

states that energy is neither created nor destroyed

are the environmental benefits resulting from physical, chemical and biological functions of healthy ecosystems and include market goods produced from ecosystems (ex: food, fibre, fuel, fresh water, genetic resources, etc.), the benefits from ecosystem processes, (ex: nutrient cycling, climate regulation, water purification, waste treatment, pollination, etc.) and non-material benefits (ex: aesthetic values, recreation, etc.).

attained by a species in a community by virtue of a greater number of individuals or by size.

Includes Sulphur, Phosphorous, Rock Cycle, etc.

biomass per unit space

Man-made ecosystem

Percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere

sum total of all the external factors acting on an organism or community of organisms which includes the living and nonliving elements.

one organism is inhibited while the other is not affected.

Major Types of Natural Ecosystems

Includes Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Water Cycle

Levels of Organization

Developing a Sustainable Agro-ecosystem

consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem. Each living thing in an ecosystem is part of multiple food chains.

As water vaporizes into water vapor, it rises up in the atmosphere. At high altitudes the water vapor changes into very tiny particles of ice /water droplets because of low temperature.

Example of aquatic ecosystem

is a way of understanding the interactions of the different factors in the field, which are directly and indirectly affecting the growth and development of the rice plant.

the main nutrient source for the plants/producers in this ecosystem is the soil.

It is a process where water at the surface turns into water vapors.

two species or two individuals of same species strive to obtain the same limited resource.

distribution is found in artificial cultivated areas such as orchards.

Two types of Population density

group of similar individual usually of a given species consists of organisms that feed and move together and interbreed among themselves to reproduce