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91問 • 11ヶ月前

問題一覧

covers both the physical sciences (physics, chemistry, biology, geology, geography, resource technology, and engineering) and social sciences (resource conservation and management, demography, economics, politics and ethics) - Miller, 1994

Environmental Science

sum total of all the external factors acting on an organism or community of organisms which includes the living and nonliving elements.

Environment

oikos, meaning

“house or place to live in”

It is the study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their physical and biological environment.

Ecology

Levels of Organization

Organism , Population , Community , Ecosystem , Biosphere

longest level of organization single organism independently function can reproduce

Organism

group of similar individual usually of a given species consists of organisms that feed and move together and interbreed among themselves to reproduce

Population

populations of different species living together and sharing the same habitat

Community

unit of nature consistency of more than a community of living organisms and their interaction with non-living ones

Ecosystem

total of all the ecosystems on Earth

Biosphere

Characteristics of Population

Population Density , Dispersion , Natality/Mortality , Growth, Age distribution , Reproductive potential

degree of crowdness of population

Population Density

number of individuals or the total population per unit space

Crude density

biomass per unit space

Ecological/Specific density

Two types of Population density

Crude density , Ecological/Specific density

Three types and dispersion

Clumped distribution , Random distribution , Uniform

distribution of organisms over the space where they are found

Dispersion

most common type of pattern

Clumped distribution

rare in nature, occuring where the soil is generally rich so that the plants can grow and thrive anywhere.

random distribution

distribution is found in artificial cultivated areas such as orchards.

Uniform

birth rate, number of new individuals produced in the population for a period of time

natality

death rate, number of deaths in a given period of time

mortality

population according to the age bracket

Age distribution

theoretical capacity to produce the max number of offsprings in ideal conditions

Reproductive potential

Properties of Community

Dominance , Diversity

attained by a species in a community by virtue of a greater number of individuals or by size.

Dominance

opposite of dominance no single species has a greater number or biomass of other relative importance than other species in the community

Diversity

sequence of eating and being eaten each level or link in the chain is called trophic level

Food chain

plants and photosynthetic organisms occupies the first level

Producers

plant feeders occupy the second level

Herbivore

feed on herbivores and other consumers occupy different levels according to what they feed

Carnivores

Food chain levels

Producers , Herbivores, Carnivores

consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem. Each living thing in an ecosystem is part of multiple food chains.

Food web

nutrients move through the ecosystem in cycles called?

biogeochemical cycles

The following are the classification of biogeochemical cycles

Gaseous cycles, Sedimentary cycle

Includes Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Water Cycle

Gaseous Cycles

Includes Sulphur, Phosphorous, Rock Cycle, etc.

Sedimentary Cycles

cycle that involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system. Of the many processes involved in the water cycle, the most important are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

Water cycle

Stage of water cycle

Evaporation , Condensation , Sublimation , Precipitation , Transpiration , Runoff , Infiltration

It is a process where water at the surface turns into water vapors.

Evaporation

As water vaporizes into water vapor, it rises up in the atmosphere. At high altitudes the water vapor changes into very tiny particles of ice /water droplets because of low temperature.

Condensation

process where ice directly converts into water vapors without converting into liquid water

sublimation

The clouds (condensed water vapors) then pour down as ____________ due to wind or temperature change.

precipitation

process similar to evaporation where liquid water is turned into water vapor by the plants.

transpiration

the process where water runs over the surface of earth.

Runoff

Any water that doesn't run directly to bodies of water or get quickly evaporated, will be absorbed by plants and soil, where it may be driven deeper to the earth.

Infiltration

process that moves carbon between plants, animals, and microbes; minerals in the earth; and the atmosphere.

Carbon cycle

Law of energy

First law of thermodynamics , Second law of thermodynamics

states that energy is neither created nor destroyed

First Law of Thermodynamics

states that as energy is transformed, it degrades or diminishes.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere

79%

Nitrogen cycle

Fixation , Mineralization or Ammonification , Nitrification , Denitrification

the process of conversion of nitrogen from the gaseous state, N2, to the usable ammonia, NH3 and nitrate, NO3

Fixation

involves the breakdown of organisms and their proteins and nucleic acids are further broken down into amino acids. The amino acids are converted into carbon dioxide, water and ammonia, with a release of energy. The ammonia is the usable form of nitrogen that plant roots may absorb.

Mineralization or ammonification

is where bacteria such as Nitrosomonas use ammonia to produce their energy needs by converting it to nitrous acid and water, and then to nitrate and nitrite with a yield of energy.

Nitrification

the process by which nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere. Denitrifying fungi and bacteria perform the process to acquire oxygen such as Pseudomonas that convert nitrates into gaseous nitrogen in an oxygenated environment.

Denitrification

when there is not enough of a certain nutrient in the environment, the growth of the organism that needs that nutrient will be severely limited

Law of Minimum

too much of any nutrient will likewise limit growth

Law of limiting factors

states that organisms have specific ranges of minimum and maximum limits of tolerance that affect their survival, growth, and reproduction.

Law of tolerance

Environmental principles

Interdependence/Interrelatedness, Diversity and Stability, Change, Balance of nature , Finiteness of Resources, Pollution, Stewardship of resources , Sustainability

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND ECOSYSTEM

Mutualism , Competition , Predation, Parasitism , Commensalism , Amensalism

interaction between two species where both are benefited.

Mutualism

two species or two individuals of same species strive to obtain the same limited resource.

Competition

wherein predator eats the prey.

Predation

wherein the host provides nourishment to the parasite. This interaction could cause physical and physiological effects to the host.

Parasitism

wherein a commensal attaches itself to the host while it is neither helped nor harmed.

Commensalism

one organism is inhibited while the other is not affected.

Amensalism

Steps in Phosphorous Cycle

1. Weathering , 2. Absorption by Plants, 3. Absorption by Animals, 4. Return to the Environment through Decomposition

is a biogeochemical process that involves the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

Phosphorus cycle

It is a functional unit of nature consisting of more than a community of living organisms (biotic factors) and their interaction with n

Ecosystem

Major Types of Natural Ecosystems

Terrestrial ecosystem , Aquatic ecosystem

the main nutrient source for the plants/producers in this ecosystem is the soil.

Terrestrial Ecosystem

Example of Terrestrial ecosystem

Desert , Forest

ecosystem where the average precipitation is low and evaporation rates are high. It is further classified into three types: (1) tropical, (2) temperate, and (3) cold

Desert

undisturbed areas with an average precipitation of 750 mm or more a year tend to be covered with forests.

Forest

Desert – ecosystem where the average precipitation is low and evaporation rates are high. It is further classified into three types:

(1) tropical, (2) temperate, (3) cold

the main nutrient source for the plants/producers in this ecosystem is the water.

Aquatic Ecosystem

Example of aquatic ecosystem

Freshwater ecosystem , Marine ecosystem

ecosystems whose physical nature is dominated by the presence of water and supports a distinct set of producers (plants) and animals.

Freshwater ecosystems

as distinguished from the freshwater, it has a higher level of salinity, usually at 35 parts per thousand.

Marine ecosystems

Forest – undisturbed areas with an average precipitation of ________ or more a year tend to be covered with forests.

750 mm

Marine ecosystems – as distinguished from the freshwater, it has a higher level of salinity, usually at ____________

35 parts per thousand

Natural Freshwater Ecosystems

Lake, Stream, Rivers, Wetlands

Man-made ecosystem

Reservoir , Pond

A semi-natural or modified natural system managed by humans for food and agricultural production purposes.

Agroecosystem

An ecosystem that has been modified for agricultural use is called an?

agroecosystem

are the environmental benefits resulting from physical, chemical and biological functions of healthy ecosystems and include market goods produced from ecosystems (ex: food, fibre, fuel, fresh water, genetic resources, etc.), the benefits from ecosystem processes, (ex: nutrient cycling, climate regulation, water purification, waste treatment, pollination, etc.) and non-material benefits (ex: aesthetic values, recreation, etc.).

Ecological Goods and Services

is a way of understanding the interactions of the different factors in the field, which are directly and indirectly affecting the growth and development of the rice plant.

AESA, Agroecosystems analysis

It is a way of putting together what we are studying and placing into a process useful for decision-making. It can be done by weekly monitoring and considering different factors such as:

1. Insect pests , 2. Weather , 3. Disease incidence , 4. Water depth , 5. Fertilization , 6. Natural enemies of insect pests , 7. Weeds, rodents , 8. Soil condition

Determine weed density as ?

abundant, frequent, rare

Developing a Sustainable Agro-ecosystem

1. Restoring Ecological Health , 2. Guidelines for Achieving Dynamic Stability , 3. Reducing Energy Use in Production , 4. Manipulation of Vegetational Diversity

Soil Tech Midterm 1

Mutated Lemon · 100問 · 2年前

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