chap 8

24問 • 1年前

問題一覧

____ is useful insofar as a company might otherwise consider either too few or too many possibilities. Through the use of scanning, decision makers can perform a detailed analysis of a manageable number of geographic locations.

scanning

IV. CHOOSING AND WEIGHTING VARIABLES(2)

opportunities and risks

are determined by competitiveness and profitability factors

opportunities

is determined by sales potential. In some instances, past and current sales for either an existing product or a similar or complementary product are available on a country-by-country basis. In addition, data such as GNP, per capita income, population, income distribution, economic growth rates and levels of economic development will also be useful.

market size

However, the more time, money and energy a firm expends in examining a particular alternative, the more likely it is to accept it, regardless of its merits. This situation is known as the _____.

escalation of commitment

(disincentives) includes the difficulty of getting permission to operate, bringing in expatriate personnel, obtaining licenses to produce and market goods and satisfying government agencies on matters such as taxes, labor conditions and environmental compliance. Although not a directly measurable cost, red tape increases the cost of doing business.

red tape

refers to the fact that foreign firms have a lower rate of survival than local firms for the initial years after the start of operations

liability of foreignness

When pursuing a strategy known as _______ a firm moves first to those countries most likely to adapt and catch up to the advantage.

imitation lag

refers to the theory investors want some of the holdings to be in highly liquid assets on which they are willing to take a lower return.

liquidity preference

reflects the expectation the political climate in a given country will change in such a way that a firm’s operating position will deteriorate.

political risk

This result from definitional differences across countries (e.g., family categories, literacy levels, accounting rules), differences in base years, distortions in foreign currency conversions, the measurement of investment flows, the presence of black market activities, etc.

comparability problems

Market research and business consulting firms conduct country studies for a fee. The fact that a firm can specify the information it wants may make the cost worthwhile.

individual reports

Certain research organizations generate specific studies about countries, regions, industries, issues, etc., that they make available for general purchase. The price is much lower than for an individualized study.

specialized studies

Most international service-related firms publish reports that are usually geared toward either the conduct of business in a given country or region or about some specific subject of general interest, such as tax or trademark legislation.

service companies

Governments and their agencies publish tomes of information designed to stimulate business activity both at home and abroad

government agencies

When firms have to conduct studies in foreign countries, they may find traditional data gathering and analytical methods do not reveal critical insights. In that case, a researcher must be extremely imaginative and observant. In some instances, useful information may be found by analyzing indirect or complementary indicators.

internal generation of data

provides a systematic assessment of external conditions that might affect a firm’s operations. For country assessment, firms will likely collect economic, competitive, societal and political/legal information.

environmental scanning

refers to the use of retained earnings to replace depreciated assets or to add to a firm’s existing stock of capital.

reinvestment

refers to the reduction in the amount of an investment; a firm may choose to simply ___ the earnings of an operation or divest the assets there as well.

Harvesting

whereby a firm moves rapidly into many foreign countries and then gradually builds its presence in each.

geographic diversification

whereby a firm moves into a limited number of countries and develops a strong competitive position there before moving into others.

geographic concentration

represent situations in which a marketing program in one country results in the awareness of a product in other countries. When a single marketing program can reach many countries (via cross-country media, for example), a diversification strategy is advantageous.

spillover effects

maintain it is unethical to prohibit foreign sales because those sales are considered to be ethical in the countries in which they are made

relativists

maintain it is unethical for a government to permit its firms to do abroad those things they are prohibited from doing domestically.

normativists

Chap 1

Jake Matthew · 10問 · 1年前

Chap 1