lesson1

24問 • 1年前

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The study of the patterns of sounds in a language and across languages. The sound system of the language. Ex: the difference between the sounds of "bat" and "pat" is a phonological distinction.

phonology

The study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. It analyzes words and parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes Example: The word "unhappiness" is formed by adding the prefix "un-" and the suffix "-ness" to the root "happy."

morphology

The arrangement of words in sentences, clauses, and phrases, and the study of the formation of sentences and the relationship of their parts Example: In English, the sentence "The dog chased the cat" follows the subject-verb-object syntax.

syntax

The study of meanings in a language Example: The word "bank" can mean a financial institution or the side of a river, depending on context.

semantics

The appropriate use of language in different contexts

pragmatics

7 impression management techniques

conformity, excuses, acclaim, flattery, self-promotion, favors, association

The total actions we take to influence how others perceive us is known as

impression management

means being accepted by a larger group. In order to conform, you have to (implicitly or explicitly) uphold the social norms and expectations of the group. Group norms are the behaviors that are considered appropriate for a situation or in a particular set of people. For example, if your job may have a business-casual dress code, so cut-off jeans would feel out-of-place.

conformity

refers to explanations for a negative event given to avoid or lessen punishment and judgment. Example: Blaming traffic for being late to a meeting.

excuses

Public recognition of someone’s accomplishments, aimed at building rapport, is called Example: Congratulating a colleague for completing a challenging project.

acclaim

A technique used to improve relationships through compliments is known as Example: Telling someone, "You’re always so organized and efficient."

flattery

is about highlighting your strengths and drawing attention to your achievements, especially common in business settings. Example: Mentioning your role in boosting sales during a job interview.

self promotion

doing a ___ for someone, whether in business or in everyday life, shifts the power dynamic of a relationship. It establishes the person doing the favor as “useful,” and may result in the recipient feeling like they owe something to the other party. Example: Helping a colleague with a project so they feel obliged to return the favor later.

favors

ensures that information shared about you or your company is truthful and relevant. Example: Aligning your brand with respected partners to build credibility.

association

Miscommunication arising from unclear language or tone is referred to as Example: A manager saying "ASAP" for a task, but the employee thinks it means by the end of the day instead of immediately.

verbal miscommunication

Miscommunication involving body language and facial expressions sending unintended messages is known as Example: A nod intended as acknowledgment but interpreted as agreement.

nonverbal miscommunication

Miscommunication through emails or texts that are misconstrued is categorized as Example: A quick, terse email being perceived as rude when no offense was intended.

written miscommunication

Miscommunication that arises from different cultural interpretations is called Example: A thumbs-up gesture seen as positive in one culture but offensive in another.

cultural miscommunication

Miscommunication caused by missing crucial information or context is called Example: Discussing a project without mentioning a recent update, leading to confusion.

contextual miscommunication

Miscommunication due to the use of jargon or technical language unclear to non-experts is referred to as Example: A doctor using medical terminology that the patient doesn’t understand, leading to confusion about the diagnosis.

technical miscommunication

Miscommunication shaped by personal biases and perceptions is known as Example: Assuming a colleague’s silence in a meeting means disinterest when they are actually just thinking deeply.

perceptual miscommunication

Miscommunication caused by similar-sounding words with different meanings is called _____ Example: Using "affect" instead of "effect" in a report, leading to confusion.

semantic miscommunication.

Miscommunication influenced by emotional states distorting the message

emotional miscommunication

Miscommunication caused by not listening effectively, resulting in missed or distorted information, is referred to as _____ Example: Mishearing a date during a conversation and missing an important meeting.

listening miscommunication.

Chap 1

Jake Matthew · 10問 · 1年前

Chap 1