ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE PRELIM

Leah Jean Better · 28問 · 2年前

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the study of interactions of organisms and between organisms and their environment

Ecology

A group of similar organism that can breed and produce fertile offspring

Species (Smallest)

A group of Similar organisms that belong to the same species, can interbreed, live in the same area

Population

An assemblege of different populations that lived together in defined area.

Community

all of the organism that live in a place and their physical environment

Ecosystem

A group of ecosystem that share similar climates and organism example: temperate deciduos forest (here) Desert Tundra Savanna

Biome

the entire planet with all organisms and physical environments

biosphere

is a thin spherical envelope of gases surrounding the earth's surface

atmosphere

extends about 17 km or (11 miles) above sea level at the tropics and about 7 km (4 miles) above the earth's north and south poles it contains the air we breathe consisting mostly of nitrogen 78 of the total volume and oxygen 21%. most of the remaining 1% of the air consists of water vapor carbon dioxide and methane

Troposphere

reaching from 17 to 50 km or 11 to 31 miles above the earth's surface. it's lower portion holds enough ozone 0.3 gas to filter out above 95% of the sun's harmful ultraviolet uv radiation. This global sunscreen allows life to exist on the surface of the planet

stratosphere

it is found as water vapor in the atmosphere as liquid water on the surface and are the ground and as ice polar ice icebergs glaciers, and ice in frozen soil layers called permafrost. the oceans which cover about 71% of the globe contain about 97% of the earth's water and support about half of the world species

Hydrosphere

consists of the earth's intensely hot core a thick mantle composed mostly of rock and a thin outer crust. the crust upper portion contains salt chemicals that organisms need in order to live grow and reproduce nutrients as well as non-renewable fossil fuels-coal, oil, and natural gas and minerals that we use

Lithosphere

this is the basis for the solar energy principle of sustainability. a solar energy interacts with carbon dioxide, water vapor, and several other gases in the troposphere it warms the troposphere a process known as the____ without this natural process the earth would be too cold to support most of the forms of life we find here today

green house effect

the atoms ions and molecules of elements and compounds needed for survival by living organisms through parts of the biosphere because the earth does not get significant inputs of matter from space essentially fixed supply of nutrients must be continually recycled to support life in keeping with the chemical cycling principle of sustainability

cycling of nutrients

it allows the planet to hold on to its atmosphere and helps to enable the movement and cycling of chemicals through air water soil and organisms

Gravity

sometimes called autotrophs or self feeders they make the nutrients they need from compounds and energy obtained from their environment

Producers

it is a process where plants capture solar energy that falls under leaves and use it in combination with carbon dioxide and water to form organic molecules including energy rich carbohydrates such as glucose c6h1206 which store the chemical energy that plants need

photosynthesis

*who are the producers on land *who are the producers in freshwater and ocean ecosystems *who are the producers in open water

trees and green pants alagae and aquatic plants phytoplankton

they cannot produce the nutrients they need through photosynthesis or other processes. they get their nutrients by feeding on other organisms producers or other consumers or their waste and remains

consumers or heterotrophs (other feeders)

are the consumers that in the process of obtaining their nutrients release nutrients from the waste or remains of plants and animals and return those nutrients to the soil water and air for use by producers. most of them are bacteria and fungi. other are called detritus feeders or detritivores feed on the waste or dead bodies(detritus) of other organisms. example are earthworms, hyenas, and vultures

Decomposers

a sequence of organisms each of which serves as a source of nutrients or energy for the next is called

food chain

organisms in most ecosystem form a complex network of interconnected food chains called a

food web

illustrates the energy loss for a simple food chain assuming a 90% energy lost with each transfer

Pyramid of Energy

species within a community develop close interaction known as

symbiosis

sym means bio means symbiosis means

together life living together

is a relationship for one organism captures and consumes another

predation

a defense for one organism resemble to another that is dangerous or poisonous

mimicry

a harmless organism closely resembles a dangerous one

Batesian mimicry

two harmful organisms resemble one another

mullerian Mimicry

symbiotic relationship where one organism is harm and the other is help unlike predation it does not result in the immediate death of the host

parasitism

what are the two types of parasites one live on the outside of the host one live inside the host body

ectoparasites endo parasites

the use of the same limited resource by two or more species in the same place at the same time

competition

evolution of anatomical differences that reduces competition happens most were ranges of competitors

character displacement

species coexist by using only part of the available resources example: some birds eat the same insects but hunt them in different places

Resource partitioning

is a symbiotic relationship where both organisms are help in some way

mutualism

symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the second is neither harm nor help

commensalism

is anything that constrains a population size and slow stops it from growing. Are usually expressed as a lack of a particular resource

limiting factor

are those which affects population while determined by the total size of the population example: crowding (disease and stress) resource availability predators competition

Density-dependent factors:

are those which limits the size of the population while determined by the number of individuals examples: earthquakes tsunami climate change volcanoes human activities

density independent factors

what are the Physical Abiotic factors

temperature food and nutrients light oxygen water

it involves interactions between organisms parasitism, predation, competition

biological

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