• It a political unit that has authority over its own affairs. In other words, its borders are recognized by other countries. • It views as the institution that created warfare and sets economic policies for a country.

established the notion of the nation-state And the idea of sovereignty.

distinctive political community with its own set of rules and practices and that is more or less separate from other communities.

refers to people rather than any kind of formal territorial boundaries or institutions. • It is a collective identity grounded on a notion of shared history and cultu

It is a territory bounded  sovereign institution that  governs individuals sharing  a collective history, identity,  and culture.

 It is the gathering of all of  the representatives of UN. It is held in a auditorium  where speeches are given. They provide form for  member states to express  their views and reach  consensus. Representatives from  different member states  can vote on issues.

•These are organizations that are not tied  to any country which allows them to  operate freely throughout the world. They provide emergency relief such as  food, water, and medical supplies for  those homes have been destroyed by  disaster or war.

helps kids  gets health care  and education

speaks out human  rights and political  prisoners.

fights  famine and  diseases.

provides fee emergency healthcare in disaster areas.

is an  organization that  help those who are  wounded during  wars.

increase or decline in the degree of globalism.

refers to the network of connections that transcends distances of different countries in the world.

technological  paradigm, associated  with computer, science  and modern  telecommunication,  that replaces  industrialism is called

• It is defined as the  exchange of information  and knowledge that  become the central in the  contemporary world.

He argued that “the role of the  state is enduring - and even increasing  in advanced  industrial societies.”

What is the Central mission of United Nation Organization ( UNO)

Its primary goal is to help  children around the world where  they collect funds to distribute  emergency relief from famine,  poverty and diseases. They operate semi-independently  and rely on fundraising.

It covers a range of concerns for the improvement of all aspects of life.

 It addresses environmental issues  such as pollution and hazardous  waste.

It took efforts that mitigate climate  change like assessment of climate  science, facilitation of climate  agreements, and giving assistance to  countries to reduce emissions.

It is located in Netherlands This is where countries can settle  disputes in a court of law and  where war criminals and rulers  who have done terrible things to  people can be put to trial for their  crimes

group of  countries decides what to do  when two or more countries  are waging war or are on the  verge of fighting.

Security council big 5 countries

defensive treaty or military alliance between the US, Canada and 25 European countries. The main purpose of this  formal alliance was to  defend each other from  the possibility of  communist Soviet Union  taking control of their  Nation.

The countries in this organization  basically agreed to combine their  militaries and announce to the  world that if a country messes  with one of its members, the other  countries will come to their  defense

It was coined by former US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942.

Established the principle of state sovereignty, marking the birth of the modern interstate system. This ended the Thirty Years' War and introduced the concept of non-interference in domestic affairs of other states

A system of diplomatic conferences and agreements among European powers to maintain the balance of power and prevent major conflicts. This period saw the rise of nation-states and the development of international law.

In the aftermath of World War II, it was established to maintain international peace and security, fostering cooperation among nations. This marked a new era of global governance and multilateralism.

The rise of global challenges like climate change and terrorism has led to increased international cooperation and the emergence of new global governance structures.

The fundamental principle that each state has supreme authority within its borders. This concept underpins international law and shapes diplomatic relations. However, globalization and human rights concerns have challenged traditional notions of sovereignty.

States are prohibited from interfering in the internal affairs of other states. This principle aims to maintain international stability but faces challenges in cases of humanitarian crises or threats to global security.

This principle ensures that diplomatic missions can function effectively without fear of legal repercussions.

The rise of emerging powers and the relative decline of traditional Western hegemony are reshaping the global order. This shift necessitates new approaches to global governance and international cooperation.

The rise of multinational corporations, NGOs, and international organizations has created new power dynamics. These entities often wield significant influence in global affairs, sometimes rivaling that of nation-states.

Problems like climate change, terrorism, and pandemics transcend national borders, challenging the state-centric model. These issues require coordinated global responses, often straining traditional diplomatic channels.

The internet and digital technologies have transformed international interactions, creating new avenues for diplomacy but also new vulnerabilities. Cybersecurity and digital governance have become critical concerns in interstate relations

Legally binding agreements between states

Restrictions on trade and financial transactions

Deployment of international forces to maintain peace

Influence through culture, values, and diplomacy

Ensuring fair representation of all nations, especially developing countries, in global decision-making processes. This challenge involves reforming institutions like the UN Security Council to reflect current global realities.

Developing effective mechanisms to enforce international agreements and hold violators accountable.

Reconciling the principle of state sovereignty with the need for collective action on global issues like climate change and human rights.

Creating governance frameworks for new technologies like AI, biotechnology, and space exploration, which have global implications but often outpace regulatory efforts.