Organization and Management Finals

100問 • 2年前

問題一覧

is a process by which managers is brock , guide , and monitor the performance of employees. it is a continuous process as managers guide and supervised subordinate everyday

Directing

is a process of social influence that enables a person to encourage others and enlist their aid and support in the performance of tasks and in achieving a particular goal

leadership

is the psychological process of directing behavior . Psychologists consider human behavior as primarily goal-oriented and that there are forces that induce an individual to act or behave in a certain manner

Motivation

is something that arouses or induces an individual to behave in certain way ordu a certain thing it is also known as need or desire

Motive

include biological needs such as food , shelter , belongingness , among others

Primary Motives

involve the need for stimulus and social needs . example of a stimulus is scarcity or exploration . example a person may be driven to travel to another country because of his or her korea city about its culture and tourist spot

secondary Motives

is comprised of actions aimed at accomplishing or achieving a particular motive or need . hunger for example motivate people to go and search for food

behavior

refers to the achievement or fulfillment of a motive . When a hungry person has found some food and has eaten it, he or she has finally achieved his or her ____

Goal

it outlines the steps individuals take to satisfy their needs

Motivational Process

this is the most widely recognized theory offmotivation that specifies the fundamental needs of individuals. these basic needs are arranged in a pyramid where the most basic needs occupy the lowest layer.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

what are the first two levels in maslow hierarchy of needs.

psychological needs and safety and security needs Deficiency or lower level needs

it occupy the higher levels of the pyramid. this include

needs for love and belongingness , need for esteem , and need for self-actualization

Alderfer's ERG Theory

Existence, relatedness, Growth

it does not require that lower-level needs be satisfied before higher-level ones. a person can satisfy the needs from several levels at the same time

Alderfer's ERG Theory

this theory is also known as achievement motivation theory . According to this theory human behavior is defined by three motivators which are learn and shape the person's life experiences. What theory is this? and what are the three motivatore?

McClelland's Learned Needs Theory achievement , affiliation , and power

have a strong desire to accomplish challenging goals and gain advancement in their profession .these people often approach situations by engaging in calculated risks

Need for achievement

prefer to be in the company of other people . they choose to collaborate rather than to complete to avoid internal conflicts

Need for affiliation

want to control influence others. they want their ideas to prevail in a discussion and often tend to dominate in a group

Need for Power

he proposed that two factor theory of motivation which states that employee satisfaction is defined by two important factors which are motivators and hygiene

Hezberg's Two Factor Theory

include rules and policies , salaries and benefits , relationship with coworkers and superiors, work conditions and quality of the supevision

Hygiene Factors

primarily provide satisfaction to the employees and include the nature of the job itself, recognition, and personal growth.

motivational Factors

it is a theory which proposes that employees become integrated when they feel they are treated fairly .

Adams Equity Theory

in this theory there is the assumption that leaders are born with innate qualities , and the two known leaders are destined to lead

Great man Theory

it focuses on innate attributes and characteristics that a person possesses . this theory believes that leaders possess certain positive traits that enable them to become leaders.

Trait Theory

what are the four primary traits that leaders should possess

emotional stability ability to admit error intrapersonal skills intellectual breadth

place more emphasis on the behavior of leaders rather than the innate qualities . the patterns of behavior of leaders are observe and notable actions and behaviors are described

Behaviorist theories

very task oriented and push their people to work. very strict withe schedules and expect their people to work.

Authoritarian Leaders (High result, low people)

they use the power of rewards to maintain discipline and motivate their subordinates

Country Club leaders (Low result, high people)

they delegate task and leave subordinates unsupervised. they allow people to go about their job by doing their own thing, which often results in workers struggling to finish their tasks.

impoverished leaders (low result, low people)

these leaders are considered role models of good management. they encourage their members to attain their highest potential and motivate them to perform well in achieving their goals

Team Leaders (High Result, High people)

these leaders seek to compromise between production and people concerns and maintain the status quo in the company

Middle of the Road Leaders (medium result, medium people)

these leaders takes sole charge in decision-making and do not consult with other members. this decision making style is appropriate for making quick decision and if there is no need to involve a lot of people for decision making to have a successful outcome

autocratic leaders

these leaders allow team members to provide inputs before making a decision . leaders , however , may encounter difficulty when there are varying and contrasting inputs from members

Democratic Leaders

these leaders do not interfere in the decision-making and they allow members to make most of the decisions. This is a good approach specially if participants are capable and do not need close supervision

Laissez Faire leaders

this leaders have a low concern for people and use threats to make workers comply with orders . managers that apply this style usually impose a top-down structure where others are issued from the top and imposed on subordinates

Exploitative authoritative leaders

these leaders expressed concern for people . they use rewards to encourage worker compliance and good performance . however , major decisions are still centralized.

benevolent authoritative leaders

these leaders make a conscious effort to listen to the ideas of their subordinates . however , they still retain the right to make decisions

consultative leaders

this leaders maximize the participation of subordinates in decision making . It involved people from all levels in the organization

participative leaders

this leaders take charge of decision making and relat the decisions made to the subordinates (telling style)

autocratic leaders

these leaders also make the decisions for the group without consultation . however , they make the effort to persuade the group members to accept the decision (selling style)

Persuasive leaders

these leaders confer with group members who proposed possible solutions or alternative . they consider all inputs and ideas before formulating any decision (consulting style)

consultative leaders

this leaders present the problem to group members and involve them in decision making . the decision is a product of discussion and consultation with all group members (Joining style)

democratic leaders

this theory considers that leadership styles are specific to a particular situation, and that leaders adapt their actions and behavior to whatever situation they are in.

Situational Leadership

refers to worker motivation and actual effort spent

Subordinate effort

refers to the extent to which workers know what to do and how to do it

Subordinate ability and role clarity

means the structure of work and utilization of resources

organization of the work

means how well participants work together as a group

Cooperation and cohesiveness

refers to the availability of tools, materials, and people

Resource and support

refers to the need to collaborate with other groups

external coordination

the leaders assigns the duties and functions of members

Task Behavior

this leader opens the lines of communication between himself or herself and other members

Relationship behavior

the leaders shows willingness to take responsibility for leading the members of the group. For workers, this refers to their capability to get the job done

maturity and competence

this is good for followers who have low competence

directing

the leader and members of the group support each other. there is active participation among workers who are moderately competent

coaching

the leader and members of the group support each other period there is active participation among workers who are moderately competent

supporting

the leader has followers who are highly competent. the followers are also highly motivated and take responsibility for accomplishing the assigned task

delegating

this theory suggests that when one moves away from an extremely autocratic leadership style comma subordinates have increased participation in decision making.

Leadership Continuum

this model focuses on the direction and emotional support a leader provides his or her followers as they undertake a task

Hersey Leadership Theory

describes the way leaders support their followers in achieving their goals

The Path goal theory of leadership

the leader supports a friendly environment by looking after their subordinates welfare. this results in increased self esteem among workers this approach is best when the job is stressful or tedious

supportive leadership

the leader communicates to the members of the group the votes and expectation and assigns clear task this approach is effective for complex or unstructured task

Directive Leadership

the leader consults with his or her followers and considers their ideas in decision making this approach is best when the followers are experienced and capable of providing ideas and advice regarding of the problem or task

Participative Leadership

the leader trust the capabilities of workers and set challenging goals to motivate them to perform of their optimal levels this approach is best in dealing with complex task or in motivating highly skilled and experience employees

Achievement-oriented leadership

it requires leaders to analyze a particular situation and identify the variables that would determine the most effective leadership style that will address the given situation there is no particular leadership style that is the best for all situations

Contingency theory

refer to how well the manager and employees get along and the trust and confidence the latter place on the former

leader member relations

refers to how well the workers know how to accomplish the task is the job highly structured, fairly structured or somewhere in between

task structure

refers to the amount of power a manager has in directing workers and in giving rewards and punishment. It also considers the maturity of the manager

Position Power

this theory considers the relationship between followers and leaders as key to achieving goals period leader should give equal treatment and due recognition to their members

Transactional Theory

this theory emphasizes the concept of change and beliefs that leaders are tasked to provide direction and implement changes through performance and attainment of goals

transformational theory

the content of the message the one who encodes or sends the message a symbol system known to both the sender and the receiver that constructs meaning the means by which the sender relays the message to the receiver any distortion or interference during the communication process the one who decodes or receives the message the content of the message as decoded by the receiver the reaction of the receiver to the message the part of the receivers response that is transmitted back to the sender

Input Sender Code Channel Noise Receiver Output Response Feedback

these barriers refer to areas that bar people from entering or gaining access such as close office doors, screens, and separate areas for employees of different ranks

Physical Barriers

it refers to how people look at things. a problem arises when people have different perspectives about their situation or environment

perceptual barriers

these barriers consists of fear mistrust and suspicion this emotions tend to restrict or block communication lines

emotional barriers

joining a group may have both positive and negative effects when individual adopt certain behavior patterns of a group they are rewarded through acts of recognition approval and inclusion however differences may make communication difficult

Cutlural barriers

these are foreigners who's long term services are acquired by a local company foreign managers are brought in because of their extensive experience in overseeing company operations in other parts of the world

expatriate

this managers usually deal with short term projects or missions to foreign countries

frequent flyer

he or she is a manager who oversees a project remotely and whose work is usually technical in nature

Virtue manager

this type of control anticipates the occurrence of fossil problems so that preventive measures can be implemented before the actual operation. this is commonly practiced by airline companies

feedforward control

this type of control is implemented while the activity is progress. managers practice this control to monitor the activity as it happen address problem as they occur

concurrent control

this type of control is done after the activity it enables manager to gather information and determine whether the activity is a success or a failure

feedback control

this technique entails establishing procedures and policies that ensure efficiency in the activities of the company

administrative control

this involves assigning an employee to take responsibility in completing a task. it incorporates empowerment as employees are given authority over their task making them accountable for their own actions

delegation

this type of control involves the collection and analysis of information in order to make decisions this involves collecting the results of marketing efforts, sales reports, and project evaluations

evaluation

it provide information on how money is spent and how profits are maximized by the company it includes balance sheets, income statements, and cash flows.

financial reports

measures the company's ability to meet its current debt obligations

liquidity ratio

assess the organizations use of debt to finance its assets and meet the interest payment on debts

leverage ratio

measures the efficiency of the company in using its assets to meet its various financial obligations and convert its various account to cash

activity ratio

measures the efficiency of the company in generating profits

profitability ratio

this provides a general impression of employee performance.

perfomance appraisal

it relies on the use of perception to appraise employees in a subjective manner

intuitive approach

requires the employees to conduct self evaluation

self appraisal approach

evaluate employees based on certain traits like honesty flexibility creativity and punctuality

trait approach

compares the performance of employees against goals set by the company

achievement based approach

they guide behavior in the workplace this ensure that employees carry out task in an effective and efficient fashion and that directives and instructions are consistent

policies and procedures

this control method relies on the quality of products and services as a basis for establishing performance standards monitoring results and comparing results with a standards

quality control

include cash on hand cash deposited in banks prepaid or advanced payments not yet used accounts receivable and inventory

current assets

assets that cannot be easily converted to cash

cash non-current assets

refer to assets that do not have physical substance and may be hard to evaluate

intangible assets

are usually due within 1 year

current liabilities

100

have a prescribed period of more than a year

long term liabilities

Reed finals

Leah Jean Better · 28問 · 2年前

Reed finals