8-9

45問 • 2年前

問題一覧

A planned set of actions that managers take to make best use of the firm’s resources and core competences, to gain a competitive advantage

strategy

T H R E E S T R AT E G I C O B J E C T I V E S

Efficiency Flexibility Learning

– Lower the cost of the firm’s operations and activities on a global scale. Toyota (manufacture china- market USA EOS- low parts – Logistic)

Efficiency

– The ability to manage diverse country-specific risks and opportunities by tapping resources in individual countries and exploiting local opportunities.

Flexibility

– Develop the firm’s products, technologies, capabilities, and skills by internalizing knowledge gained from international ventures

Learning

A quality of senior management that provides superior strategic guidance for managing efficiency, flexibility, and learning. (N

V I S I O N A R Y L E A D E R S H I P

The pattern of shared values, behavioral norms, systems, policies, and procedures that employees learn and adopt

O R G A N I Z AT I O N A L C U LT U R E

Managerial routines, behaviors, and mechanisms that allow the firm to function as intended

O R G A N I Z AT I O N A L P R O C E S S E S

An internationally distributed group of employees charged with a specific problem-solving or best practice mandate that affects the entire firm.

Global team:

Global IT infrastructure, together with tools like intranets and electronic data interchange, provide virtual interconnectedness within the international firm.

Global information systems:

An industry in which competition takes place on a country-by-country basis.

M U LT I - D O M E S T I C I N D U S T R Y

An industry in which competition is on a regional or worldwide scale

G L O B A L I N D U S T R Y

Coordination of the firm’s value-chain activities across multiple countries to achieve worldwide efficiency, synergy, and crossfertilization, to take advantage of similarities between countries

G L O B A L I N T E G R AT I O N

Meeting the specific needs of buyers in individual countries

L O C A L R E S P O N S I V E N E S S

Summarizes the balance that firms seek to achieve between two basic strategic needs: • To integrate value chain activities globally, and • to create products and practices responsive to local market needs. The main goal of firms that emphasize global integration is to maximize the efficiency of their value chain activities, on a worldwide scale.

I N T E G R AT I O N - R E S P O N S I V E N E S S F R A M E W O R K

F O U R S T R A T E G I E S E M E R G I N G F R O M T H E I N T E G R A T I O N R E S P O N S I V E N E S S F R A M E W O R K

1.Home replication strategy. 2.Multi-domestic strategy. 3.Global strategy. 4.Transnational strategy

• The firm views international business as separate from, and secondary to, its domestic business. Expansion abroad is an opportunity to generate incremental sales for domestic product lines.

H O M E R E P L I C AT I O N S T R AT E G Y

The firm develops subsidiaries or affiliates in each of its foreign markets and appoints local managers to operate independently and be locally responsive.

M U LT I D O M E S T I C S T R AT E G Y

Headquarters seeks substantial control over all country operations in order to minimize redundancy, and achieve maximum efficiency, learning, and integration worldwide

G L O B A L S T R AT E G Y

• A coordinated approach to internationalization in which the firm strives to be more responsive to local needs while retaining sufficient central control of operations to ensure efficiency and learning

T R A N S N AT I O N A L S T R AT E G Y

The reporting relationships inside the firm, “the boxes and lines” that specify the linkages among people, functions, and processes, allowing the firm to carry out its operations.

O R G A N I Z AT I O N A L S T R U C T U R E

A unit within the firm charged with managing the firm’s export operations

E X P O R T D E PA R T M E N T

All international activities are centralized within one division in the firm, separate from domestic units

I N T E R N AT I O N A L D I V I S I O N

Management and control are decentralized to individual geographic regions, whose managers are responsible for operations within their region

G E O G R A P H I C A R E A S T R U C T U R E

Management of international operations is organized by major product line

P R O D U C T S T R U C T U R E

Management of international operations is organized by functional activity

F U N C T I O N A L S T R U C T U R E

Blends the geographic area, product, and functional structures to leverage the benefits of a purely global strategy while the firm remains responsive to local needs

G L O B A L M AT R I X S T R U C T U R E

is an estimate of the likely sales for all firms in a specific industry during a particular period.

Industry market potential

. Arrangement in which the owner of intellectual property grants a firm the right to use that property for a specified period of time in exchange for royalties or other compensation.

Licensing

. Arrangement in which the firm allows another the right to use an entire business system in exchange for fees, royalties, or other forms of compensation.

Franchising

. Cross-border business alliance whereby partnering firms, pool their resources and share costs and risks to undertake a new business venture. It is also referred to as an international partnership or an international strategic alliance

• International Collaborative Venture

a favorable combination of circumstances, locations, and timing that offers prospects for exporting, investing, sourcing, or partnering in foreign markets

global market opportunity

is the process of dividing the firm’s total customer base into homogeneous clusters in a way that allows management to formulate unique marketing strategies for each group.

Market segmentation

is a group of customers who share similar characteristics across many national markets. Firms target such buyers by using a relatively uniform marketing strategy and marketing programs.

Global market segment

is a marketing strategy in which the firm develops both the product and its marketing to evoke a distinct impression in the customer’s mind, emphasizing differences from competitors’ offerings.

Positioning

which positions the offering similarly in the minds of targeted buyers worldwide.

Global positioning strategy,

refers to modifying one or more elements of the firm’s international marketing program to accommodate specific customer requirements in a particular market.

Adaptation

refers to making the marketing program elements uniform with a view to targeting entire regions, or even the global marketplace, with the same product or service.

Standardization

. A brand whose positioning, advertising strategy, look, and personality are standardized worldwid

Global brand

refers to the problem of end-user prices reaching exorbitant levels in the export market. International price escalation means the retail price in the export market can be much higher than the price in the firm’s home market, creating a competitive disadvantage for the exporter

International price escalation

, refers to the practice of pricing intermediate or finished products exchanged among the subsidiaries and affiliates of the same corporate family located in different countries.

Transfer pricing, or intra-corporate pricing

refers to ads placed in buses, trains, and subways; they are particularly useful in large cities. Print media are newspapers, magazines, and trade journals.

Transit

are short-term marketing activities intended to stimulate an initial purchase, immediate purchase, or increased purchases of the product and to improve intermediary effectiveness and cooperation. They include tools such as coupons, point-of-purchase displays, demonstrations, samples, contests, gifts, and Internet interfacing

Promotional activities

refers to the processes of getting the product or service from its place of origin to the customer

Distribution

refers to the number of distributors or other intermediaries that it takes to get the product from the manufacturer to the market. The longer the channel, the more intermediaries the firm must compensate, and the costlier the channel

Channel length

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Jennie Rose Carpo · 24問 · 2年前

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