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52問 • 1年前

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There are 2 major kinds of research designs under quantitative research.:

o Descriptive and correlational o Experimental and quasi-experimental

– the study is focused in the present condition (what is); measuring variables without influencing them allowing to observe characteristics, trends and relationships

o Descriptive and correlational

– the focus of the study is on the future (what will be); involves manipulating independent variable and measuring the outcome of a dependent variable

Experimental and quasi –experimental

There are many research designs under qualitative research. Its about gaining rich understanding of a phenomenon with focus on specific contexts; it allows creativity and flexibility:

o Case studies o Ethnography o Phenomenological research o Narrative research o Grounded theory

– for the past, present and future; choosing a subject or organization then gathering detailed data about them

o Case studies

– involves gathering data about the culture of a certain group or organization by immersing yourself in the community to give full accounts of the beliefs and social dynamics of the group

Ethnography

– is the aggregate or total of objects, persons, families, species, or orders of plants or animals

Population

- may be defined as the method of getting a representative portion of a population

Sampling

2 Kinds of Sampling Designs

• 1. Scientific Sampling each member in the population is given an equal chance of being included in the sample Random sampling – every member in the population has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample. Random sampling is chosen by using either of the 2 techniques, namely: lottery or table of random numbers. o Stratified random sampling- this type of design divides first the population into two or more strata. For each stratum, the sample items are drawn at random. Systematic sampling – in this type of design, the individuals in the population are arranged in a methodical manner, for instance, alphabetical or chronological and the nth name may be selected in the construction of sample. o Multistage sampling – this design is done in several stages. The population individuals are grouped into a hierarchy of units, and sampling is done consecutively. Cluster sampling – the population is grouped into clusters or small units and are selected either by random or systematic sampling. 2. Nonscientific Sampling (not all of the individuals in a population are given equal chance of being included as sample, hence, subjectivity occurs. o Purposive sampling – samples are selected according to the purposes of the researcher o Incidental sampling – applied to those samples which are taken because they are the most available o Quota sampling – this type of design is popular in the field of opinion research because it is done by merely looking for individuals with the requisite characteristics

(each member in the population is given an equal chance of being included in the sample

• 1. Scientific Sampling

p. o Stratified random sampling- this type of design divides first the population into two or more strata. For each stratum, the sample items are drawn at random.

Random sampling

– in this type of design, the individuals in the population are arranged in a methodical manner, for instance, alphabetical or chronological and the nth name may be selected in the construction of sample.

Systematic sampling

– this design is done in several stages. The population individuals are grouped into a hierarchy of units, and sampling is done consecutively.

o Multistage sampling

– the population is grouped into clusters or small units and are selected either by random or systematic sampling.

o Cluster sampling

(not all of the individuals in a population are given equal chance of being included as sample, hence, subjectivity occurs.

. Nonscientific Sampling

– samples are selected according to the purposes of the researcher

o Purposive sampling

– applied to those samples which are taken because they are the most available

o Incidental sampling

– this type of design is popular in the field of opinion research because it is done by merely looking for individuals with the requisite characteristics

o Quota sampling

methods rely on structured data collection instruments for a systematic and standardized measurement.

Quantitative data collection

• tend to use unstructured methods of data collection that flexibly explores the “how” and “why” of a program.

Qualitative approaches

Quantitative Data Collection Methods

• Experiments/clinical trials • Observing and recording welldefined events • Obtaining relevant data from MIs • Administering surveys with closeended questions

Qualitative Data Collection Strategies

• In-depth interview • Observation methods • Document review

• In this part is where the researchers should explain about their series of steps in data collection.

Data Gathering Procedure

To qualify as research, the process must have certain characteristics, some important characteristics are as follows:

• Controlled • Rigorous • Systematic • Valid and Verifiable • Empirical • Critical

CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

1. Library Research. 2. Field Research. 3. Laboratory Research.

This is done in the library where answers to specific questions or problems of the study are available

1. Library Research

. Research is conducted in a natural setting. No changes are made in the environment.

Field Research

The research is conducted in artificial or controlled conditions by isolating the study in a rigorously specified and operationalized area.

Laboratory Research

Parts of a Thesis (Institutional Format)

• *Abstract and Title • Introduction • Review of Related Literature and Studies • Research Methodology • Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data • Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

This is a brief statement of the problem, objectives of the study, target population, sampling technique and sample size, instruments, data collection, data processing and analysis, key findings and recommendations. • Should not exceed 500 words (for our case, not more than 250) and should be one paragraph and single line spacing

abstract

• Describe the background, situation, phenomenon, issues highlighted in the study • Show understanding and genesis of the problem • Global Scenario-Local Scenario • Should be approximately 4-6 pages (although 3 pages is already acceptable) • *Hint: Treat your thesis as if it were a story. The Background should serve as the context or scene.

Background of the Study

• The problem should be very clear to the researcher. • Explain why you want to know the answer to your study. • Indicate why and how it is a problem. • Why is it important to answer the questions now?

Statement of the Problem

• List in question form one or more associated question to the problem (in question form)

Research Question

in a thesis/dissertation or in a research paper is a must. For research project seeking for financial assistance by other agencies, significance of the study should be presented comprehensively in order to convince the screening committee of the importance of the study.

significance of the study

• This should illustrate why exactly is this problem important to study

Significance of the Study

This is a kind of a disclaimer. It should cite the focus of the study: geographical area or target group/ population. • Indicate the challenges encountered in the study that may have limited the study.

scope and limitations

. The definitions of terms are based on concepts or hypotheticones which are usually taken from the dictionary.

• Conceptual definition

. The definitions of terms are based on observable characteristics and how it is used in the study. It is advisable that the researcher should use two ways in defining the terms to make the meaning clear. is preferable when defining technical terms.

Operational definition

• It is defined as an inquiry process of understanding a social human problem based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed into words, reportingdetailed views of information and conducted in natural setting. • The purpose of to characterize the phenomenon studied by conveying a picture of it. • The method of conducting the study is usually inductive since the facts are gathered first before a theory can be formed. • As the event is observed, possible explanations for its occurrence are derived as an insight. The arguments explaining why it happens are not usually preconceived. They are often posited after data collection.

Qualitative

perspective proceeds with an inquiry into "a social or human problem, based on testing a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analyzed with statistical procedures, in order to determine whether the predictive generalizations of the theory hold true" (Cresswell 1994: 2). • The process undertaken is deductive since a theoretical framework is expected to be formulated even prior to data gathering.

quantitative

Types of Research

▪1. Descriptive research ▪2. Correlational research ▪3. Explanatory research ▪4. Exploratory research ▪5. Experimental research ▪6. Causal-comparative research ▪7. Historical research ▪8. Ethnographic research

Outline the structure of literature review

 Chronological – simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time  Thematic – recurring central themes that can be organized into subsections of different aspects of the topic  Methodological – drawing sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research method  Theoretical – relevance of a specific theoretical approach or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework

– simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time

Chronological

– recurring central themes that can be organized into subsections of different aspects of the topic

Thematic

– drawing sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research method

Methodological

– relevance of a specific theoretical approach or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework

Theoretical

- shows the flow or structure of the theory/ies that are being adopted in the study (e.g. Torrance framework, motivation-hygiene theory, Kholb’s framework, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, etc.); application of a theory or a set of concepts drawn from one and the same theory to offer an explanation or shed light to a problem

Theoretical framework

- shows the flow and relationship of “concepts” or topics that are being studied; conceptual frameworks show key variables to be studied and the presumed relationships between them

Conceptual framework

IV-DV used in experimental research, correlations

Independent variable ➡️ Dependent variable

used to isolate the factor or major variable that causes the problem

I-P-O

used when relating or assessing the influence between 2 or more variables

Predictor-Criterion model

used when the researcher presents an original paradigm

Proposed Original model

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Jennie Rose Carpo · 24問 · 2年前

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