also Known as Tally Sheet -It is a systematic way of recording data. -It can have various causes for customer dissatisfaction.

Steps Involved in Constructing Fishbone Diagram

tracks the spread of the distribution over time (estimates the observed variation)

helps in analyzing the relationship between two variables. although ______ is very powerful tool, it can easily be misrepresented. show the relationship between two sets of data.

- Tabulation or tally of the number of times given quality characteristics measurements occurs within the sample product being checked.

for discrete defects when there can be more than one defect per unit

- is between 2 s to 3 s. If on some days the production slips to Zone II, then more information about the cause may be obtained. This is called the warning zone. If the performance is consistently falling in this zone, the process may require adjustment to bring the performance to Zone I.

assignable causes of variation

aimed at monitoring the quality of the process continuously. - Proposed by Walter Shewhart in 1924. to identify common cause and special cause variations. -Deming further developed the tool.

also known as the Fishbone Method -Kauro Ishikawa in 1943

tracks the central tendency (the average value observed) over time

Shapes that are use in making a Process Flow Chart

- refers to true population value, not measured directly, but estimated through statistics

common causes of variation

use for quality characteristic that are discrete and involve yes or no

A measure of the ability of a process to meet preset design specifications: Determines whether the process can do what we are asking it to do

are used to monitor characteristics that have discrete values and can be counted, e.g. % defective, number of flaws in a shirt, number of broken eggs in a box,

two types of data in Control Charts

Determined by design engineers to define the acceptable range of individual product characteristics (e.g.: physical dimensions, elapsed time, etc.) Based upon customer expectations & how the product works (not statistics!)

is a static type of chart used to help determine where to focus improvement efforts by identifying the most significant factors contributing to a problem. - contains both bars and a line graph; individual values are represented by bars in descending order based on the magnitude of their effect, and the cumulative total is represented by the line.

2 control charts for variable

- is called a stable zone. It is up to 2 s limits on both sides. If the performance is in this zone, the production may be continued without any modifications.

-powerful tools for elementary analysis of data that contain variation. - Developed by AM Gurrey, a French statistician in 1833. - Introduced by Karl Pearson a bar graph where the data is represented in equal intervals.  - Note that there is no space between the bars of a ______ because there shouldn’t be any gaps in the intervals (0-9, 10-19, 20-29, etc.).

this Principles essentially suggest that 80% of the problem are due to 20% of the cause. -Helps identify the problems in the organization which cause the greatest loss of profit.

are used to monitor characteristics that can be measured, e.g. length, weight, diameter, time, etc.

is defined as the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. -A tool to analyze complex problems and arrive at a conclusion with a high probability of accuracy. -A numerical data measurement taken from a sample that may used to make interference about a population.

also known as Shewhart charts(after Walter A. Shewhart) or process-behavior charts, -is a statistical process control tools used to determine if a manufacturing or business process is in a state of statistical control.

Diagrammatic view of various steps in sequential order which form an overall process in the organization

control charts of attributes

-a large collection of items of the same type.

- beyond Zone II in both the directions, is called action zone. If performance is in this zone, it calls for immediate action to adjust the process. However, all these variations should be due to random causes.

Steps in Constructing a Process Flow Chart