Weekly4-1

95問 • 2年前

通報

問題一覧

Pain; An () sensory and () experience associated with actual or () tissue damage.

unpleasant emotional potential

Nociception; An () activity in the () system in response to an () stimulus.

observable nervous adequate

Pain; () experience, Nociception; () perspective

subjective third person

() pain is an alarming signal indicating that tissue damage has happened or may happen and goes away when there is no further cause.

acute

Acute pain= () pain

adaptive

() pain persists longer than 3-6 months and continues even after the healing of the damaged tissues.

chronic

Chronic pain =() pain or () pain

maladaptive pathological

In case of tissue damage, receptors detecting () () are getting activated and () () develops.

noxious stimuli nociceptive pain

() pain is caused by the activation of nociceptors in infections or autoimmune response.

inflammatory

Injuries of peripheral nerves and certain areas of the CNS may cause () pain.

neuropathic

() pain; without the stimulation of nociceptors.

neuropathic

The malfunction of the () () processing nociceptive signal results in () pain.

functional

Functional pain; without any () ().

detectable reasons

Nociceptors; receptor

free nerve endings

Nociceptors; () fibers; thin myelin sheath

A delta

Nociceptors; () fibers; unmelinated

Nociceptors; () or () () of cranial nerves

DRGs sensory ganglia

Nociceptors; terminate on spinal () () or spinal () ()

dorsal horn trigeminal nucleus

Processing of nociceptive signals starts in the () () ().

spinal dorsal horn

() () of the susbtantial gelatinosa may act as a gate.

inhibitory interneurons

Reticular formation is in the ().

brainstem

Reticular foramtion; funcitons 1. () and ()

sleep consciousness

Reticular formation function; 2. () () ()

somatic motor control

Reticular formation function;3 () functions

autonomic

Reticular formation function; 4. () ()

pain modulation

Hypothalamic controls () and () functions to maintain ().

autonomic endocrine homeostasis

Nociceptive inputs reach the () via the () ().

hypothalamus reticular formation

Painfula stimuli increase () and supress () activity.

sympathetic parasympathetic

As a part of the sympathetic nervous system, adrenal medulla release ().

adrenalin

Thalamus; () nucleus receives direct input from the spinal dorsal horn. (spinothalamic tract)

VPL

() is the major termination site of acons arising from spinal trigeminal nucleus.

VPM

Both the VPM and VPL project into the () () cortex. () gyrus, Br () () (), which plays role in the () of the ().

primary somatosensory postcentral 3 1 2 localization stimulus

Reticular formationpprojects mainly into the () nuclei, the () and () nucleus.

intralaminar CM MD

IL nuclei project dissusely into the () () and reach the () and () () () and the ().

cerebral cortex prefrontal anterior cingulate cortex insula

Sensory-discriminative aspect; ()/() nuclei

VPL VPM

Sensory-discriminative aspect; () and () () areas

primary secondary somatosensory

Affetctive-motivational aspect; (), () thalamus =() nuclei

CM MD intralaminar

Affetctive-motivational aspect; () () cortex, ()

anterior cingulate insula

Affetctive-motivational aspect; () areas

limbic

Cognitive-evaluative aspect; () ()=() nuclei

CM MD intralaminar

Cognitive-evaluative aspect; () areas

prefrontal

Spinoreticulothalamic, spinoreticulohypothalamic tracts; including () () and/or the hypothalamus.

reticular formation

Spinoreticulothalamic, spinoreticulohypothalamic tracts; () during the early stages of brain development, but later the () connections dominate.

bilateral contralateral

Raphe magnus nucleus is a () nucleus.

serotoninergic

Raphe magnus nucleus is a sertoninergic nucleus in the () region of the reticular formation.

RVM

May get nociceptive signals directly from the () tract and is also controlled by the ().

spinoreticular PAG

() neurons mainly project into the spinal () () and facilitate pain transmission.

RVM dorsal horn

() () is the biggest noradrenergic nucleus of the brain stem.

locus coeruleus

Noradrenalin () nociceptive signaling in the spinal () ().

inhibits dorsal horn

Descending control; () excitation

serotoninergic

Descending control; () inhibition

noradrenergic

Primary motor cortex; Br ()

Primary motor cortex ; () gyrus

precentral

Primary motor cortex ; () () () cells (layer () )

Betz giant pyramidal 5

Primary motor cortex ; input (),()

VA VL

Primary motor cortex ; output: (), () tract

corticospinal corticobulbar

Primary motor cortex ; () located only here!

corticomotorneurons

Primary motor cortex; corticomotorneurons; direct termination on () motorneruons

alpha

Primary motor cortex ; () innervation of disatl muslces

unilateral

Supplementary motor area; Br()

Supplementary motor area; () () gyrus () part

superior frontal posteromedial

Supplementary motor area; input ; () (), () cortex, () cortex

basal ganglia prefrontal premotor

Supplementary motor area; Br ()

Supplementary motor area; movement () and (), () stability, motor patterns of () () actions.

initiation continuity postural 4 limbs

Premotor cortex; Br()

Premotor cortex; () () gyrus, () () part.

middle frontal inferior posterolateral

Premotor cortex; () cells in layer ().

pyramidal 5

Premotor cortex; input; (), (), () fields

cerebellum SMA parietal

Premotor cortex; output; Br()

Premotor cortex; (), () control; mostly () muscles

planning spatial trunk

Unimordal parietal associative area; Br () ()

5 7

Unimordal parietal associative area; () () lobule

superior parietal

Unimordal parietal associative area; major processor of () ()

dorsal column

Unimordal parietal associative area; proprioception-input ()

cerebellum

Unimordal parietal associative area; (), () orientation

navigation visuospatial

Unimordal parietal associative area; navigation, visuospatial orientation, output ; Br ()

Unimordal parietal associative area; injury; () and ()

apraxia neglect

Loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movements, despite having the physical ability (with no sensory deficits and no palsy).

apraxia

Inability to perceive sensory events towards one side of space.

neglect

Descending motor pathways; primary neuron; 30%; () () cortex (() gyrus)

primary motor precentral

Descending motor pathways; 30%; () () area

supplementer motor

Descending motor pathways; 40%; () cortex, () () lobule and () gyrus

somarosensor superior parietal cingulate

Corticospinal tract; () () of the () () of the cerebellum

posterior limb internal capusle

Corticospinal tract; () part of the () ()

middle cerebral peduncle

Corticospinal tract; () of the pons

base

Corticospinal tract; () of the medulla oblongata

pyramid

Corticospinal tract; 90%; () () funiculus

contralateral lateral

Corticospinal tract; 10% of () () funiculus

ipsilateral anterior

Corticospinal tract; cervical; () side, sacral; () side

medial lateral

90% of the interneurons; terminate in the lamina ()-().→() and () motorneurons.

6 7 alpha gamma

10% of the terminal neuron; directly on () and () motorneurons.

alpha gamma

Corticobulbar tract; origin; () part of the homunculus.

lateral

Corticobulbar tract; () nuclei of () ()

motor cranial nerves

Corticobulbar tract; contralaterals; () nucleus of () nerve

motor hypoglossal

Corticobulbar tract; partially the () nucleus of () nerve (() muscles under the level of the ())

motor cranial mimetic nose

Week3-4

Week3-4

Weekly2

Weekly2

Weekly2-2

Weekly2-2

Weekly2-3

Weekly2-3

Weekly3

Weekly3

Weekly3-2

Weekly3-2

Weekly3-3

Weekly3-3

Weekly3-4 Viscerosensory

n · 34問 · 2年前

Weekly3-4 Viscerosensory

34問 • 2年前

Week6-skeletal muscle

n · 10問 · 2年前

Week6-skeletal muscle

Week6- Heart

Week6- Heart

Week9

Week9

⭐️Parameters

⭐️Parameters

DNA

DNA

RNA

RNA

Week11

Week11

Week12

Week12

Week13

Week13

week1

week1

genetics quiz

genetics quiz

genetics mcq

genetics mcq

genetics2

genetics2

Week2

Week2

Immunology final

Immunology final

Week3

Week3

Week3-4 Thyroid

Week3-4 Thyroid

general

general

general2

general2

Week4-body

Week4-body

Week4-Caicium, bone

Week4-Caicium, bone

Week5,6-sexual

Week5,6-sexual

immunology

immunology

Internal Metabolism

Internal Metabolism

cell cycle

cell cycle

mid1?

mid1?

mid2

mid2

Week8

Week8

sensory

sensory

nerve

nerve

genetic3

genetic3

gene4

gene4

Week12

Week12

Week13

Week13

week11

week11

Midterm pp

Midterm pp

Midterm1-2

Midterm1-2

Mid2-1

Mid2-1

Minimum-mycology

Minimum-mycology

Minimum-virology

Minimum-virology

Minimum-general

Minimum-general

Minimum-systemic

Minimum-systemic

Mid2-2

Mid2-2

Mod2-3

Mod2-3

Minimum-systemic2

Minimum-systemic2

Minimum-parasitology

Minimum-parasitology

問題一覧

Pain; An () sensory and () experience associated with actual or () tissue damage.

unpleasant emotional potential

Nociception; An () activity in the () system in response to an () stimulus.

observable nervous adequate

Pain; () experience, Nociception; () perspective

subjective third person

() pain is an alarming signal indicating that tissue damage has happened or may happen and goes away when there is no further cause.

acute

Acute pain= () pain

adaptive

() pain persists longer than 3-6 months and continues even after the healing of the damaged tissues.

chronic

Chronic pain =() pain or () pain

maladaptive pathological

In case of tissue damage, receptors detecting () () are getting activated and () () develops.

noxious stimuli nociceptive pain

() pain is caused by the activation of nociceptors in infections or autoimmune response.

inflammatory

Injuries of peripheral nerves and certain areas of the CNS may cause () pain.

neuropathic

() pain; without the stimulation of nociceptors.

neuropathic

The malfunction of the () () processing nociceptive signal results in () pain.

functional

Functional pain; without any () ().

detectable reasons

Nociceptors; receptor

free nerve endings

Nociceptors; () fibers; thin myelin sheath

A delta

Nociceptors; () fibers; unmelinated

Nociceptors; () or () () of cranial nerves

DRGs sensory ganglia

Nociceptors; terminate on spinal () () or spinal () ()

dorsal horn trigeminal nucleus

Processing of nociceptive signals starts in the () () ().

spinal dorsal horn

() () of the susbtantial gelatinosa may act as a gate.

inhibitory interneurons

Reticular formation is in the ().

brainstem

Reticular foramtion; funcitons 1. () and ()

sleep consciousness

Reticular formation function; 2. () () ()

somatic motor control

Reticular formation function;3 () functions

autonomic

Reticular formation function; 4. () ()

pain modulation

Hypothalamic controls () and () functions to maintain ().

autonomic endocrine homeostasis

Nociceptive inputs reach the () via the () ().

hypothalamus reticular formation

Painfula stimuli increase () and supress () activity.

sympathetic parasympathetic

As a part of the sympathetic nervous system, adrenal medulla release ().

adrenalin

Thalamus; () nucleus receives direct input from the spinal dorsal horn. (spinothalamic tract)

VPL

() is the major termination site of acons arising from spinal trigeminal nucleus.

VPM

Both the VPM and VPL project into the () () cortex. () gyrus, Br () () (), which plays role in the () of the ().

primary somatosensory postcentral 3 1 2 localization stimulus

Reticular formationpprojects mainly into the () nuclei, the () and () nucleus.

intralaminar CM MD

IL nuclei project dissusely into the () () and reach the () and () () () and the ().

cerebral cortex prefrontal anterior cingulate cortex insula

Sensory-discriminative aspect; ()/() nuclei

VPL VPM

Sensory-discriminative aspect; () and () () areas

primary secondary somatosensory

Affetctive-motivational aspect; (), () thalamus =() nuclei

CM MD intralaminar

Affetctive-motivational aspect; () () cortex, ()

anterior cingulate insula

Affetctive-motivational aspect; () areas

limbic

Cognitive-evaluative aspect; () ()=() nuclei

CM MD intralaminar

Cognitive-evaluative aspect; () areas

prefrontal

Spinoreticulothalamic, spinoreticulohypothalamic tracts; including () () and/or the hypothalamus.

reticular formation

Spinoreticulothalamic, spinoreticulohypothalamic tracts; () during the early stages of brain development, but later the () connections dominate.

bilateral contralateral

Raphe magnus nucleus is a () nucleus.

serotoninergic

Raphe magnus nucleus is a sertoninergic nucleus in the () region of the reticular formation.

RVM

May get nociceptive signals directly from the () tract and is also controlled by the ().

spinoreticular PAG

() neurons mainly project into the spinal () () and facilitate pain transmission.

RVM dorsal horn

() () is the biggest noradrenergic nucleus of the brain stem.

locus coeruleus

Noradrenalin () nociceptive signaling in the spinal () ().

inhibits dorsal horn

Descending control; () excitation

serotoninergic

Descending control; () inhibition

noradrenergic

Primary motor cortex; Br ()

Primary motor cortex ; () gyrus

precentral

Primary motor cortex ; () () () cells (layer () )

Betz giant pyramidal 5

Primary motor cortex ; input (),()

VA VL

Primary motor cortex ; output: (), () tract

corticospinal corticobulbar

Primary motor cortex ; () located only here!

corticomotorneurons

Primary motor cortex; corticomotorneurons; direct termination on () motorneruons

alpha

Primary motor cortex ; () innervation of disatl muslces

unilateral

Supplementary motor area; Br()

Supplementary motor area; () () gyrus () part

superior frontal posteromedial

Supplementary motor area; input ; () (), () cortex, () cortex

basal ganglia prefrontal premotor

Supplementary motor area; Br ()

Supplementary motor area; movement () and (), () stability, motor patterns of () () actions.

initiation continuity postural 4 limbs

Premotor cortex; Br()

Premotor cortex; () () gyrus, () () part.

middle frontal inferior posterolateral

Premotor cortex; () cells in layer ().

pyramidal 5

Premotor cortex; input; (), (), () fields

cerebellum SMA parietal

Premotor cortex; output; Br()

Premotor cortex; (), () control; mostly () muscles

planning spatial trunk

Unimordal parietal associative area; Br () ()

5 7

Unimordal parietal associative area; () () lobule

superior parietal

Unimordal parietal associative area; major processor of () ()

dorsal column

Unimordal parietal associative area; proprioception-input ()

cerebellum

Unimordal parietal associative area; (), () orientation

navigation visuospatial

Unimordal parietal associative area; navigation, visuospatial orientation, output ; Br ()

Unimordal parietal associative area; injury; () and ()

apraxia neglect

Loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movements, despite having the physical ability (with no sensory deficits and no palsy).

apraxia

Inability to perceive sensory events towards one side of space.

neglect

Descending motor pathways; primary neuron; 30%; () () cortex (() gyrus)

primary motor precentral

Descending motor pathways; 30%; () () area

supplementer motor

Descending motor pathways; 40%; () cortex, () () lobule and () gyrus

somarosensor superior parietal cingulate

Corticospinal tract; () () of the () () of the cerebellum

posterior limb internal capusle

Corticospinal tract; () part of the () ()

middle cerebral peduncle

Corticospinal tract; () of the pons

base

Corticospinal tract; () of the medulla oblongata

pyramid

Corticospinal tract; 90%; () () funiculus

contralateral lateral

Corticospinal tract; 10% of () () funiculus

ipsilateral anterior

Corticospinal tract; cervical; () side, sacral; () side

medial lateral

90% of the interneurons; terminate in the lamina ()-().→() and () motorneurons.

6 7 alpha gamma

10% of the terminal neuron; directly on () and () motorneurons.

alpha gamma

Corticobulbar tract; origin; () part of the homunculus.

lateral

Corticobulbar tract; () nuclei of () ()

motor cranial nerves

Corticobulbar tract; contralaterals; () nucleus of () nerve

motor hypoglossal

Corticobulbar tract; partially the () nucleus of () nerve (() muscles under the level of the ())

motor cranial mimetic nose