Week3-4

PMCA, Na/Ca exchanger of plasma membrane, Endoplasmic Ca pump (SERCA)

The calmldulin is able to bind Ca2 ions., Ca pump is required to transport Ca ions into the ER when the cytosolic Ca level is restored after a Ca signal.

Voltage gated Ca channel in plasma membrane, Ryanodine receptor, IP3 receptor

-95mV

Increase of K permeability of pm., Decrease in extracellular K

electrochemical equilibrium of an ion means that no net flow of that ion will occur across the membrane., Cell depolarization can be induced by elevation of EC K ion concentration., The equilibrium potential for Na ions can be +60 mV in nerve cells.

depends on the concentrations of K ions at the 2 sides of the membrane., is usually close to the resting membrane potential.

It is around -90mV in skeletal muscle fibers., It is basically determined by the diffusion potential of K ions., Na K pump contributes to its maintainancce.

Decrease the K ion flow out form the cells., Depolarizes the membrane.

Electochemical equilibrium of an ion means that no net flow of that ion will occur across the membrane., Cell hyperpolarization can be induced by the inflow of Cl ions., The equilibrium potential for Ca ions is +120mV in nerve cells.

Different concentration of ions on the 2 sides of the plasma membrane., Different permability of the membrane for ions., Na+/K+ ATPase, Diffsuon potential

-90mV

-70mV

+60mV

-95mV

+120mV

depolarizes the membrane.

Lidocain can inhibit its generation., Self-reinforcing., Afterhyperpolarization requires gated K+ channels., It lasts for a few milliseconds.

increased conductance of Na+, activation of ionotripic glutamate receptors

It is an analog signal., It can be de- or hyperpolatization,

Both EPSP and IPSP belong to them.

They do not show inactivation., They are responsible for the repolarization phase of the AP., Their activation threshold is around -50mV.

spreads inward to all parts of the muscle via the T-tubules., is essential for the contraction.

They have an inactivation phase., They can be rapidly activated., They are responsible for the depolarization phase of the AP in nerve.

depolarization

depolarization

depolarization

hyperpolarization

hyperpolarization

The DHP-receptors are located in the plamsa membrane.

cross bridges are formed bw myosin and actin., the myofilaments do not change their length.

there are a lot of gap juctions bw them., pacemaker cells can cause AP without any innervation., the smooth cells in the small intestines belong to this group.

activation of ANP receptors, activation of B adrenergic receptors, NO

it is responsible for the pacemaker potential., this is a non-selective monovalent cation channel, it is gated by cyclic nucleotides, the SA node contains the most If channels

The phosphorylation of the myosin light chain increases its ATP-ase activity., Increase of the myosin light chain phosphotase activity promotes relaxation., Ach can induce smooth muscle contraction.

can function in the absence of innervation., part of the vascular smooth muscle cells belong to the single unit smooth muscle cells., smooth muscle cells are electrically coupled.

Can be found in smooth muscle cells.

The neurotransmitter of the sympathetic ganglion is Ach., The preganglionic neurons are located in the thoracolumbar segments of the spinal cord., Generally, both preganglionic and postganglionic fibers are long.

Glutamare is the neurotransmitter in the majority of excitatory synapses in the CNS., Neurotransmitters can be taken into the synaptic terminal.

GABA on GABAA receptors.

Ach on nicotinic Ach receptors., Glutamate on AMPA receptors., Glutamate on NMDA receptors.

The neurotransmitter released from the terminal of the preganglionic neuron is mostly Ach.

Na ions enter the cell.

The Ach is not taken back up into the motor nerve terminal., Binding of Ach causes inward Na current., Action of Ach is terminated by Achesterase., Binding of Ach causes transient depolarization.

It is an analog siganl., It can be de- or hyperpolarizaiton.

AP of an α motor nerve always causes the contraction of the innervated muscle cell., The amplitude of end plate potential(EPP) always reches the threshold of the voltage gated Na channels., The neurotransmitter is cleaved in synaptic cleft., AP of an α motor nerve always causes AP on the innervated muscle cell.

TXX can inhibit its generation., Self-reinforcing, After hyperpolarization requires voltage gated K+ channels.

Stimulation of NMDA receptors., Stimulation of AMPA receptors.

Glutamate is the neurotransmitter in the vast majority of excitatory synapses in the CNS., Neurotransmitters can be taken into the synaptic terminal.

A alpha fibers, C fibers, A gamma fibers, B fibers, A beta fibers

Phosphorylation of a myosin light chain is required for the interaction of myosin with actin., Contraction can occur via hormonal stimuli without changing Em, The activation of the myosin phosphatase will lead to relaxation.

Agonist binding of alpha1 adrenergic receptors of the smooth muscle cells., Opening of Ca++ channels in the sarcolemma.

Glutamate on NMDA receptors., Opening of LG non-selective cation channels., Glu on AMPA receptors.

Glu on AMPA receptors., Opening of nAch receptor.