問題一覧
1
Microscopic morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Gram-negative, motile rod
2
What are the most frequent diseases caused by Pseudomas aeruginosa?
Nosocomial lung infections, wound and blood stream infections
3
What is the treatment of the diseases cause by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Multiresistant, based on antibiogram.
4
Give 1 example for a Burkholderia species (from the list)!
Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia cepacia
5
What is the most common source of the infection caused by Acinetobacter baumanii?
Hospital environment.
6
What does MACI mean in microbiology?
Multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii
7
What are the most common infections caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophila?
Nosocomial lung infection, sepsis.
8
What is characteristic for antibiotic sensitivity of Stenotrophomonas maltophila?
Multiresistant.
9
How can Legionella pneumophila spread?
By aerosol.
10
How can we diagnose legionellosis?
By serology from blood, by immune chromatography from urine.
11
Which bacterium can cause chronic gastritis or stomach ulcer?
Helicobacter pylori.
12
What is the most important cultivable anaerobic member of the normal flora of the large bowel?
Bacteroides fragilis
13
Which genera belong to the Spirochaetales order?
Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira.
14
What are the causative agents of Plaut-Vincent angina?
Treponema vincenti and Fusobacteria.
15
What is the causative agent of syphilis?
Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum
16
How can syphilis spread?
By sexual contact, transplacental, by blood transfusion and by organ transplantation.
17
What is the first symptom in syphilis?
Ulcus durum – painless hard ulcer, enlarged lymph nodes.
18
In which stage of the syphilis can appear rash all over the body?
2nd stage.
19
In which stages is syphilis contagious?
1st and 2nd stages and in the first 2 years of the latency. At 3rd stage only in utero transmission is possible.
20
When can develop neurosyphilis during the infection?
In all stages of the disease
21
What is the specific diagnosis of the syphilis?
ELISA, TPHA, TPPA
22
What non treponemal serological reactions are used for in syphilis?
RPR and VDRL are used i. to determine the stages of syphilis ii. to detect the reinfection iii. to check the effectiveness of the therapy
23
What are the non-specific treponemal serological reactions?
RPR and VDRL
24
What kind of diseases can be caused by Borrelia?
Lyme disease and relapsing fever
25
How can Lyme disease spread?
Tick bite
26
What are the pathogens of Lyme disease? (2 examples)
Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelli, Borrelia garinii
27
What is the causative agent of epidemic relapsing fever?
Borrelia recurrentis
28
What is the vector of Lyme diseases?
Tick
29
What is the vector of Borrelia recurrentis?
Body louse
30
What is the molecular background of relapsing fever?
Bacterial antigen changing.
31
What is the first symptom of Lyme diseases?
Erythema chronicum migrans
32
What is the causative agent of Weil’s diseases?
Leptospira sp.
33
What are the characteristics of the meningitis caused by Leptospira?
Serosus, non-purulent.
34
What is the source of the infection caused by Leptospira?
Zoonotic diseases, can spread by the urine of animals.
35
How can the Lyme diseases diagnosed?
By serology, ELISA screening test and for confirmation immunoblot is used.
36
Which bacteria have no cell wall?
Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma.
37
Which bacteria cause atypical pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila.
38
What is the causative agent of typhus exanthematicus?
Ricketsia prowazekii
39
What is the causative agent of Q-fever?
Coxiella burnettii
40
What is the causative agent of parrot fever?
Chlamydophila psittaci
41
What is the causative agent of trachoma?
Chlamydia trachomatis, serotype A-C.
42
What kind of disease can be caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L1-L3?
Lymphogranuloma venereum.
43
What is the effect of the bacterial AB exotoxins?
They are: neurotoxins, protein synthesis inhibitors or ion secretion enhancers.
44
What is the effect of the cholera toxin?
Increasing of the cAMP, enhancing the ion secretion
45
What are the causative agents of impetigo contagiosa?
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes
46
What is the causative agent of erysipelas?
Streptococcus pyogenes
47
What is the causative agent of walking pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
48
What is the causative agent of Ophthalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
49
List 4 capsulated bacteria from the list below!
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis
50
How many percentage of the adults are carriers of Staphylococcus aureus?
20-30%
51
How many different kind (serotype) of capsule can be produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Approximately 100
52
What is the most common pathogen of community acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
53
What kind of vaccines can be used to prevent invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Prevenar-13: Streptococcus pneumoniae 13 type of capsule conjugated to protein – recommended for new-borns and in elderly Pneumovax: Streptococcus pneumoniae 23 type of capsule – recommended for adults and teenagers
54
What is the most frequent bacterial cause of STD?
Chlamydia trachomatis D-K
55
How are Chlamydia and Mycoplasma infections treated?
Macrolide or doxycycline (β-lactams don’t work)
56
How Chlamydia trachomatis D-K is diagnosed?
Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) eg. PCR from genital specimen
57
What are the most important nosocomial bacteria? (3 examples)
MRSA, coagulase negative staphylococci, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter, VRE, C. difficile, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus
58
What is VRE?
Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
59
What is MRSE?
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis
60
What MRSA and MRSE are resistant to?
β-lactams, except for 5th generation cephalosporins
61
What type of acute infections are caused by Camplyobacter sp.?
Gastroenteritis with diarrhoea and vomiting
62
What type of infection is caused by Yersinia enterocolitica?
Gastroenteritis
63
What are the most frequent causes of urinary tract infections (UTI)? (3 examples)
E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus saprophyticus