week1

Proteases might play role in the synthesis of peptide hormones., Hormones in the blood can be free or bound to proteins., Some receptors can be found in the nucleus.

The heart can release hormone molecules., Hormone act in 10^-6-10^-12 mol/L range.

growth, homeostasis, blood sugar level, intermediary metabolism

Gastric G cells, smooth muscle cells on the small intestine, inhibitory interneuron

swallowing, chewing, vomiting

secondary peristalsis of the esophagus is initiated upon distension., lower esophageal sphincter relaxes early in the esophageal stage., may be voluntarily initiated, vagabond inhibitory fibers relax lower esophageal sphincter

external anal

sympathetic stimulus, cck, secretin

The saliva entering the oral cavity is hyposmotic, because the reabsorption of Na and all is not followed by equal amount of water., The primary secretion of acinar cell is isomsmotic., Na pump is located in the Baso lateral membrane of the acinar cells., HCO3- ions are secreted by ductular cells.

amilase, nearly isotonic fluid, lysozyme

sympathetic innerdecreases amount, it does not contain lipase

Na/K pump is located in the basolateral membrane of the acinar cells., The primary secretion of the acinar cells is isosmotic., The saliva entering the oral cavity is hypoosmotic, because the reabsorption of Na and Cl is not followed by equal amount of water.

Gastrin, Histamine, Ach

Gastric acid, Intrinsic factor

primary bile acids are formed from cholesterol, they can be conjugated in order to form bile salts, are absorbed by membrane bound active transport systems, amphipathic molecules

Bile acids emulsify dietary lipids, Amylase mediated digestion of carbohydrates mostly occurs in the small intestine.

cholesterol, vitamin A

lithocolic acid is one of the secondary bile acids, intestinal bacteria are involved in the synthesis of secondary bile acids

of glucose is coupled with sodium transport, of water occurs passively, of bile acids occurs mostly in the ileum

glucose, a.a

Is increased in response to meal, Parasynpathetic stimulation results increased secretion, Mucin is secreted, Is enhanced by toxins that increase the cAMP content of the intestinal mucosa

carboanhydrase is important to maintain the ion transports, CFTR Cl channel is located in the luminal membrane, Na can be transported paracellularly, It produces alkaline fluid.

amylase, ribonuclease, phospholipids A2

parasympathetic activation, gastrin

secretin, activation of cAMP dependent signaling in the secretory cells, Ach activity on M-Ach receptors, increased parasympathetic neural activity

gastric lipase, pepsinogen

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It is bond and to specific carrier proteins in the blood stream after absorption., Functioning of gastric parietal cell is required for the absorption of vitamin B12, Intrinsinc factor is required for the absorption of vitamin B12

is not completed within the small intestine., is increased when both Na and glucose are present.

Ologosaccharidases can be located in the brush border membrane., Tends to increase the osmola,it’s of gut content., Of protein largely depends on proteases which are initially secreted as inactive precursors.