1

75問 • 1年前

問題一覧

- a broad-spectrum K+ channel blocker used primarily to improve gait in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Fampridine

- a neurotoxin produced by a bacteria, which inhibits the release of acetylcholine, is used to treat, among other things, urge incontinence or achalasia.

Botulinum toxin

- a catecholamine synthesis inhibitor used for the short-term treatment of patients with pheochromocytoma until surgery is performed.

methyrosine

- an anti-Parkinson's drug that is a metabolic precursor of dopamine, mainly used in combinations for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Levodopa

() and ()- DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors, which inhibits the peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine. They are used primarily in combination with levodopa to increase the amount of levodopa entering the brain.

Benserazid Carbidopa

- VMAT2 inhibitor used as a symptomatic treatment for Huntington's disease.

Tetrabenazin

- a synthetic cholinester that acts as a non-selective muscarinic agonist. Used in a respiratory provocation test to diagnose bronchial asthma.

Metacholine

- a direct-acting parasympathomimetic agent used primarily to treat glaucoma or for pupil constriction during eye surgery.

Carbachol

- it is a direct-acting parasympathomimetic agent used to treat glaucoma until surgery is performed, and is also used to treat dry mouth.

Pilocarpine

- muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, used for the symptomatic treatment of dry mouth in patients with Sjögren's syndrome.

Cevimeline

- a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist used in smoking cessation.

Varenicline

- nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist used as replacement therapy in smoking cessation.

Nicotine

a non-competitive, reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used primarily to reverse the effects of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants or to treat atonia.

Neostigmine

- a non-competitive, reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used primarily for the treatment of myasthenia gravis.

Pyridostigmine

- a centrally active, non-competitive, reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used primarily for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Rivastigmine

- a fast-acting and reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.

Edrophonium

- a centrally active, reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used primarily to treat Alzheimer's disease.

Donepezil

- a non-competitive, reversible cholinesterase inhibitor commonly used to treat a variety of conditions, including atony.

Distigmine

- a non-competitive, reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to treat myasthenia gravis.

Ambenonium

- antimuscarinic agent with many uses, including preoperative use (to inhibit salivary secretion and hypersecretion and other cholinergic effects), treatment of bradycardia, and organophosphate-type pesticide poisoning.

Atropine

- an anticholinergic drug used to treat kinetosis and postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Scopolamine

- anticholinergic medicine used to relieve abdominal pain, oesophageal spasm, bladder spasm and spasm in gallstones and kidney stones.

Butyl-scopolamine

a non-selective muscarinic antagonist, short-acting bronchodilator used to treat COPD and as an adjunct to the treatment of asthma patients.

Ipratropium

- anticholinergic drug used mainly to treat tremor in Parkinson's disease, drug-induced parkinsonism, akathisia and acute dystonia.

Procyclidine

(A)- selective muscarinic antagonists, long-acting bronchodilators, used for long-term maintenance treatment of COPD.

Aclidinium

(T)- selective muscarinic antagonists, long-acting bronchodilators, used for long-term maintenance treatment of COPD.

Tiotropium

(U)- selective muscarinic antagonists, long-acting bronchodilators, used for long-term maintenance treatment of COPD.

Umeclidinium

- anticholinergic drug used mainly to treat tremors in Parkinson's disease, drug-induced parkinsonism and Tourette's syndrome.

Biperiden

- selective muscarinic antagonists used to treat urge incontinence.

Darifenacin Solifenacin

() ()muscarinic antagonists agent used for pupil dilation.

Cyclopentolate Tropicamide

- non-selective muscarinic antagonist, long-acting bronchodilator, used for long-term maintenance treatment of COPD.

Glycopyronium

- () ()a non-selective muscarinic antagonist used to treat urge incontinence.

Oxybutinin Tolterodine

- endogenous catecholamine. It can activate β-receptors. Mainly used in anaphylactic reactions and to prevent absorption of local anaesthetics.

Epinephrine

endogenous catecholamine. It acts on its own receptors at low doses, on β-receptors at moderate doses and on α-receptors at high doses. Used in shock states.

Dopamine

endogenous catecholamine. It can activate α-receptors. Mainly used as a vasopressor.

Norepinephrine

- non-selective β-receptor agonist.

Isoprenaline

- synthetic catecholamine. It is more selective for β1-receptors, so its cardiac effects are predominant. Used for cardiogenic shock mainly.

Dobutamine

- sympathomimetic, acting on α1-adrenergic receptors, used as a decongestant, in hypotonic shock or for pupil dilation.

Phenylephrine

- () ()it is a non-selective α-agonist, used as a nasal decongestant due to its vasoconstrictor effect.

Oxymetazoline Xylometazoline

- it is a non-selective α-agonist, used as a nasal decongestant and to reduce eye redness due to its vasoconstrictor effect.

Naphasolin

indirect sympathomimetic, increases the amount of monoamines in synapses. It is used as a decongestant and against hypotonic shock due to its vasoconstrictor effect.

Ephedrine

increases noradrenaline and dopamine in the synapses through its NDRI effect, used in ADHD therapy.

Methylphenidat

- indirect sympathomimetics, increase the amount of monoamines in synapses. They are consumed as drugs of abuse because of their central stimulant effect.

Amfetamine derivatives

- an α2-receptor agonist that can be used as an antihypertensive agent by activating central negative feedback.

Clonidine

centrally acting antihypertensive through the active metabolite α-methylnoradrenaline. It may also be used in gestational hypertension.

Methyldopa

- it is a centrally acting muscle relaxant, inhibiting sympathetic neurotransmission as an agonist of α2-receptors. It is used to treat muscle spasms and spasticity (after stroke, in MS).

Tizanidine

-() () β1-receptor selective inverse agonists. Indications include cardiac arrhythmias, angina, infarct prevention in heart failure and in combination with other antihypertensives for the treatment of hypertension.

Bisoprolol Metoprolol

- in addition to its non-selective β-blocking action, it also has α1-receptor antagonist and antioxidant activity. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.

Carvedilol

- α2-receptor agonist, thus reducing central noradrenaline release. It is used intravenously for intensive care unit anaesthesia due to its anaesthetic and analgesic effects.

Dexmedetomidine

- non-selective, reversible α-receptor antagonist. Used to control blood pressure in patients with pheochromocytoma.

Phentolamine

()()- selective α1-receptor antagonist. It is used to lower blood pressure due to its vasodilating effect and is also used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Doxazosin Terasozin

- it has antihypertensive effects through its central 5-HT1A agonist, central and peripheral α1-antagonist components. It is used in malignant hypertension.

Urapidil

it has β1-receptor antagonist, β2-receptor partial agonist, α1-receptor antagonist effects. It is used in the treatment of hypertension, especially for hypertensive crisis.

Labetalol

- it is a selective α1-receptor antagonist, but tends to accumulate in urogenital areas. It is used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia to relieve obstructive symptoms.

Alfusozin Tamsulosin

- β-blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic action, used in anxiety disorders due to its serotonergic effects.

Pindolol

- ultra-short-acting β1-blocker, used intravenously during surgery.

Esmolol Landiolol

- non-selective β-blocker. It is used topically in glaucoma therapy because of its effect in inhibiting aqueous humour production.

Timolol

non-selective β-blocker. It can also be used in cardiac arrhythmia, essential tremor, migraine prophylaxis and hyperthyroidism indications.

Propranolol

- β-blocker with K+ channel blocking activity, class III antiarrhythmic agent. It is used to treat cardiac arrhythmias.

Sotalol

β1-receptor selective inverse agonist. Its main use is in the treatment of hypertonia nad glaucoma.

Betaxolol

- β1-receptor inverse agonist, β3-receptor agonist and has vasodilator activity via its metabolite which is a β2-receptor agonist. Indications are angina, infarct prevention, heart failure and hypertension.

Nebivolol

Central I1 receptor agonist, used as an antihypertensive agent.

Moxonidine Rilmenidine

- ryanodine-receptor antagonist, which inhibits Ca2+ release in muscle. It is used to treat malignant hyperthermia.

Dantrolene

- medium-duration non-depolarizing peripheral muscle relaxant, competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It hydrolyses spontaneously in the body. The compound is capable of releasing histamine, which may cause severe side effects.

Atracurium

- a depolarizing peripheral muscle relaxant that renders the endplate unable to repolarize due to prolonged nicotinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation, thereby achieving muscle relaxation. Short-acting, mainly used for intubation and short interventions. A serious side effect can be malignant hyperthermia.

Succinylcholine

- central muscle relaxant that acts by inhibiting spinal reflexes, Na+ and Ca2+ channels. Suitable for the treatment of acute and chronic spasticities.

Tolperisone

- GABAB-agonist, neurotransmission inhibitor central muscle relaxant, suitable for the treatment of spasticity.

Baclofen

- a central muscle relaxant that inhibits neurotransmission as an α2-receptor agonist. Suitable for the treatment of acute and chronic spasticities.

Tizanidine

- a toxin produced by a bacteria. It's light chain is able to cleave SNARE proteins involved in neurotransmission, thereby inhibiting the release of acetylcholine. Its effects can last for months. In addition to treating spasticity, urinary incontinence and sweating, it may also be effective in migraine prophylaxis.

Botulinum toxin

- benzodiazepine compound, acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, it is able to relax striated muscles.

Diazepam

- long-acting non-depolarizing peripheral muscle relaxant, competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Excreted from the body via the kidneys.

Pipecuronium

- medium-duration non-depolarizing peripheral muscle relaxant, competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It hydrolyses spontaneously in the body.

Cisatracurium

- short-acting non-depolarizing peripheral muscle relaxant, competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Metabolized by pseudocholinesterases. The compound is capable of releasing histamine, which may cause severe side effects.

Mivacurium

- a cyclodextrin derivative that is able to bind neuromuscular blocking agents with sterane skeletons (pipecuronium, rocuronium, vecuronium).

Sugammadex

()() - medium-duration non-depolarizing peripheral muscle relaxant, competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Metabolized in the liver.

Rocuronium Vecuronium

Week3-4

Week3-4

Weekly2

Weekly2

Weekly2-2

Weekly2-2

Weekly2-3

Weekly2-3

Weekly3

Weekly3

Weekly3-2

Weekly3-2

Weekly3-3

Weekly3-3

Weekly3-4 Viscerosensory

n · 34問 · 2年前

Weekly3-4 Viscerosensory

34問 • 2年前

Week6-skeletal muscle

n · 10問 · 2年前

Week6-skeletal muscle

Week6- Heart

Week6- Heart

Weekly4-1

Weekly4-1

Week9

Week9

⭐️Parameters

⭐️Parameters

DNA

DNA

RNA

RNA

Week11

Week11

Week12

Week12

Week13

Week13

week1

week1

genetics quiz

genetics quiz

genetics mcq

genetics mcq

genetics2

genetics2

Week2

Week2

Immunology final

Immunology final

Week3

Week3

Week3-4 Thyroid

Week3-4 Thyroid

general

general

general2

general2

Week4-body

Week4-body

Week4-Caicium, bone

Week4-Caicium, bone

Week5,6-sexual

Week5,6-sexual

immunology

immunology

Internal Metabolism

Internal Metabolism

cell cycle

cell cycle

mid1?

mid1?

mid2

mid2

Week8

Week8

sensory

sensory

nerve

nerve

genetic3

genetic3

gene4

gene4

Week12

Week12

Week13

Week13

week11

week11

Midterm pp

Midterm pp

Midterm1-2

Midterm1-2

Mid2-1

Mid2-1

Minimum-mycology

Minimum-mycology

Minimum-virology

Minimum-virology

Minimum-general

Minimum-general

Minimum-systemic

Minimum-systemic

Mid2-2

Mid2-2

Mod2-3

Mod2-3

Minimum-systemic2

Minimum-systemic2

Minimum-parasitology

Minimum-parasitology

問題一覧

- a broad-spectrum K+ channel blocker used primarily to improve gait in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Fampridine

- a neurotoxin produced by a bacteria, which inhibits the release of acetylcholine, is used to treat, among other things, urge incontinence or achalasia.

Botulinum toxin

- a catecholamine synthesis inhibitor used for the short-term treatment of patients with pheochromocytoma until surgery is performed.

methyrosine

- an anti-Parkinson's drug that is a metabolic precursor of dopamine, mainly used in combinations for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Levodopa

Benserazid Carbidopa

- VMAT2 inhibitor used as a symptomatic treatment for Huntington's disease.

Tetrabenazin

- a synthetic cholinester that acts as a non-selective muscarinic agonist. Used in a respiratory provocation test to diagnose bronchial asthma.

Metacholine

- a direct-acting parasympathomimetic agent used primarily to treat glaucoma or for pupil constriction during eye surgery.

Carbachol

- it is a direct-acting parasympathomimetic agent used to treat glaucoma until surgery is performed, and is also used to treat dry mouth.

Pilocarpine

- muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, used for the symptomatic treatment of dry mouth in patients with Sjögren's syndrome.

Cevimeline

- a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist used in smoking cessation.

Varenicline

- nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist used as replacement therapy in smoking cessation.

Nicotine

a non-competitive, reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used primarily to reverse the effects of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants or to treat atonia.

Neostigmine

- a non-competitive, reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used primarily for the treatment of myasthenia gravis.

Pyridostigmine

- a centrally active, non-competitive, reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used primarily for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Rivastigmine

- a fast-acting and reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.

Edrophonium

- a centrally active, reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used primarily to treat Alzheimer's disease.

Donepezil

- a non-competitive, reversible cholinesterase inhibitor commonly used to treat a variety of conditions, including atony.

Distigmine

- a non-competitive, reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to treat myasthenia gravis.

Ambenonium

Atropine

- an anticholinergic drug used to treat kinetosis and postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Scopolamine

- anticholinergic medicine used to relieve abdominal pain, oesophageal spasm, bladder spasm and spasm in gallstones and kidney stones.

Butyl-scopolamine

a non-selective muscarinic antagonist, short-acting bronchodilator used to treat COPD and as an adjunct to the treatment of asthma patients.

Ipratropium

- anticholinergic drug used mainly to treat tremor in Parkinson's disease, drug-induced parkinsonism, akathisia and acute dystonia.

Procyclidine

(A)- selective muscarinic antagonists, long-acting bronchodilators, used for long-term maintenance treatment of COPD.

Aclidinium

(T)- selective muscarinic antagonists, long-acting bronchodilators, used for long-term maintenance treatment of COPD.

Tiotropium

(U)- selective muscarinic antagonists, long-acting bronchodilators, used for long-term maintenance treatment of COPD.

Umeclidinium

- anticholinergic drug used mainly to treat tremors in Parkinson's disease, drug-induced parkinsonism and Tourette's syndrome.

Biperiden

- selective muscarinic antagonists used to treat urge incontinence.

Darifenacin Solifenacin

() ()muscarinic antagonists agent used for pupil dilation.

Cyclopentolate Tropicamide

- non-selective muscarinic antagonist, long-acting bronchodilator, used for long-term maintenance treatment of COPD.

Glycopyronium

- () ()a non-selective muscarinic antagonist used to treat urge incontinence.

Oxybutinin Tolterodine

- endogenous catecholamine. It can activate β-receptors. Mainly used in anaphylactic reactions and to prevent absorption of local anaesthetics.

Epinephrine

endogenous catecholamine. It acts on its own receptors at low doses, on β-receptors at moderate doses and on α-receptors at high doses. Used in shock states.

Dopamine

endogenous catecholamine. It can activate α-receptors. Mainly used as a vasopressor.

Norepinephrine

- non-selective β-receptor agonist.

Isoprenaline

- synthetic catecholamine. It is more selective for β1-receptors, so its cardiac effects are predominant. Used for cardiogenic shock mainly.

Dobutamine

- sympathomimetic, acting on α1-adrenergic receptors, used as a decongestant, in hypotonic shock or for pupil dilation.

Phenylephrine

- () ()it is a non-selective α-agonist, used as a nasal decongestant due to its vasoconstrictor effect.

Oxymetazoline Xylometazoline

- it is a non-selective α-agonist, used as a nasal decongestant and to reduce eye redness due to its vasoconstrictor effect.

Naphasolin

indirect sympathomimetic, increases the amount of monoamines in synapses. It is used as a decongestant and against hypotonic shock due to its vasoconstrictor effect.

Ephedrine

increases noradrenaline and dopamine in the synapses through its NDRI effect, used in ADHD therapy.

Methylphenidat

- indirect sympathomimetics, increase the amount of monoamines in synapses. They are consumed as drugs of abuse because of their central stimulant effect.

Amfetamine derivatives

- an α2-receptor agonist that can be used as an antihypertensive agent by activating central negative feedback.

Clonidine

centrally acting antihypertensive through the active metabolite α-methylnoradrenaline. It may also be used in gestational hypertension.

Methyldopa

- it is a centrally acting muscle relaxant, inhibiting sympathetic neurotransmission as an agonist of α2-receptors. It is used to treat muscle spasms and spasticity (after stroke, in MS).

Tizanidine

Bisoprolol Metoprolol

- in addition to its non-selective β-blocking action, it also has α1-receptor antagonist and antioxidant activity. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.

Carvedilol

- α2-receptor agonist, thus reducing central noradrenaline release. It is used intravenously for intensive care unit anaesthesia due to its anaesthetic and analgesic effects.

Dexmedetomidine

- non-selective, reversible α-receptor antagonist. Used to control blood pressure in patients with pheochromocytoma.

Phentolamine

()()- selective α1-receptor antagonist. It is used to lower blood pressure due to its vasodilating effect and is also used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Doxazosin Terasozin

- it has antihypertensive effects through its central 5-HT1A agonist, central and peripheral α1-antagonist components. It is used in malignant hypertension.

Urapidil

it has β1-receptor antagonist, β2-receptor partial agonist, α1-receptor antagonist effects. It is used in the treatment of hypertension, especially for hypertensive crisis.

Labetalol

- it is a selective α1-receptor antagonist, but tends to accumulate in urogenital areas. It is used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia to relieve obstructive symptoms.

Alfusozin Tamsulosin

- β-blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic action, used in anxiety disorders due to its serotonergic effects.

Pindolol

- ultra-short-acting β1-blocker, used intravenously during surgery.

Esmolol Landiolol

- non-selective β-blocker. It is used topically in glaucoma therapy because of its effect in inhibiting aqueous humour production.

Timolol

non-selective β-blocker. It can also be used in cardiac arrhythmia, essential tremor, migraine prophylaxis and hyperthyroidism indications.

Propranolol

- β-blocker with K+ channel blocking activity, class III antiarrhythmic agent. It is used to treat cardiac arrhythmias.

Sotalol

β1-receptor selective inverse agonist. Its main use is in the treatment of hypertonia nad glaucoma.

Betaxolol

Nebivolol

Central I1 receptor agonist, used as an antihypertensive agent.

Moxonidine Rilmenidine

- ryanodine-receptor antagonist, which inhibits Ca2+ release in muscle. It is used to treat malignant hyperthermia.

Dantrolene

Atracurium

Succinylcholine

- central muscle relaxant that acts by inhibiting spinal reflexes, Na+ and Ca2+ channels. Suitable for the treatment of acute and chronic spasticities.

Tolperisone

- GABAB-agonist, neurotransmission inhibitor central muscle relaxant, suitable for the treatment of spasticity.

Baclofen

- a central muscle relaxant that inhibits neurotransmission as an α2-receptor agonist. Suitable for the treatment of acute and chronic spasticities.

Tizanidine

Botulinum toxin

- benzodiazepine compound, acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, it is able to relax striated muscles.

Diazepam

- long-acting non-depolarizing peripheral muscle relaxant, competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Excreted from the body via the kidneys.

Pipecuronium

- medium-duration non-depolarizing peripheral muscle relaxant, competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It hydrolyses spontaneously in the body.

Cisatracurium

Mivacurium

- a cyclodextrin derivative that is able to bind neuromuscular blocking agents with sterane skeletons (pipecuronium, rocuronium, vecuronium).

Sugammadex

()() - medium-duration non-depolarizing peripheral muscle relaxant, competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Metabolized in the liver.

Rocuronium Vecuronium