Minimum-systemic

99問 • 1年前

通報

問題一覧

Which bacteria can be diﬀerentiated with the catalase test?

Staphylococci (+) and Streptococci (-)

Which bacteria can be diﬀerentiated with the coagulase test?

Staphylococcus aureus (+) and the other staphylococcus species (-, so called „coagulase-negative staphylococci”)

Microscopic morphology of Staphylococci

Gram-positive cocci, arranged in grape-like clusters

Colony morphology of Staphylococcus aureus on blood agar plate

round colonies with butter consistency, golden pigment product on and beta-haemolysis

What are the non-toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus? (3 examples)

Protein A, endocoagulase (clumping factor), exocoagulase, adhezins, teicoic acid, hialuronidase, protease, lipase, DN-ase.

What are the toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus? (3 examples)

Leucocidin, toxic shock syndrome toxin, exfoliative toxin, enterotoxin, haemolysin

List diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus? (3 examples)

Folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncle, impetigo, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, food poisoning.

List diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins? (2 examples)

Food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome

List at least 2 coagulase-negative staphylococcus species (from the list provided below)!

S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, S. haemolyticus, S. lugdunensis

List diseases caused by coagulase negative staphylococci!

Nosocomial infections, biofilm production on the surface of plastic devices.

How are nosocomial Staphylococcus infections treated?

Based on antibiogram

Which bacterium causes „Honeymoon cystitis”?

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Colony morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes on blood agar plate

Small, pin-point colonies, surrounded by large, strong beta-haemolytic zone

Which streptococci are beta-haemolytic?

Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae

Which streptococci are alpha-haemolytic?

Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans streptococci (e.g. S. mutans, S. mitis, S.salivarius)

Which species is the Lancefield Group A Streptococcus (GAS)?

Streptococcus pyogenes

Which species is the Lancefield Group B Streptococcus (GBS)?

Streptococcus agalactiae

What is the causative agent of scarlet fever?

Streptococcus pyogenes

Which bacterial virulence factor is responsible for of scarlet fever?

Streptococcus pyrogenic exotoxin or erythrogenic toxin

What is the capsule of S. pyogenes made of?

hyaluronic acid

ist diseases cause by Streptococcus pyogenes! (3 examples)

Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, impetigo, erysipelas, necrotising fasciitis, scarlet fever,TSST

What kind of post streptococcal infections can be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

Acute rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis

Which two streptococcus species are stillll 100% sensitive to penicillin?

Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae

What kind of diseases can be caused in new-borns by Streptococcus agalactiae?

Neonatal meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia

Which bacterium is the leading cause of neonatal meningitis?

Streptococcus agalactiae

Microscopic morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Gram-positive diplococci

How can we prevent invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

By 23 valent polysaccharide capsule vaccine or by 13 valent conjugated vaccine.

Which two bacteria can be diﬀerentiated based on their optochin sensitivity / resistance?

S. pneumoniae (S) and viridans streptococci (R)

What kind of diseases can be cause by viridans streptococci?

Dental caries or endocarditis.

What are the 2 most frequent human pathogenic Enterococcus species?

E. faecalis and E. faecium

What type of infections are caused by Enterococci? (3 examples)

Endocarditis, sepsis, urinary tract infection, intraabdominal infection, nosocomial infection

Microscopic morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Gram-negative, non capsulated diplococci.

Which medium can be used for the cultivation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Chocolate agar or Thayer Martin agar.

Microscopic morphology of Neisseria meningitidis?

Gram-negative, capsulated, diplococci.

How can Neisseria meningitidis spread?

By respiratory droplets and will colonize the nasopharynx.

What kind of diseases can be caused by Neisseria meningitidis?

Sepsis, meningitis, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.

What kind of diseases can be caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Gonorrhoea, ophthalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum, proctitis, orchitis.

What is the causative agent of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?

Neisseria meningitidis

Which tests are used to detect Neisseria meningitidis in liquor (CSF) sample?

Microscopic examination, Gram-stain, latex agglutination.

How can we prevent the infection in close contacts of a patient with Neisseria meningitidis disease?

Chemoprophylaxis by rifampicin or ciprofloxacin.

What can cause Neisseria gonorrhoeae in newborns?

Ophthalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum

What type of infection is caused by Moraxella? (1 species and the caused disease)

Moraxella catarrhalis: otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis Moraxella lacunata: eye infection

Which serotype of Haemophilus influenzae can cause invasive infection?

Haemophilus influenzae with capsule „b” serotype.

What type of infections are caused by Haemophilus influenzae capsule type b? (2 examples)

Meningitis, epiglottitis cellulitis

How can we prevent invasive infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae?

By Hib vaccine

What kind of disease can be caused by Haemophilus ducreyi?

Ulcus molle (chancroid).

What is the causative agent of whooping cough?

Bordetella pertussis

What are the virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis? (2 examples)

Fimbria, pertactin, pertussis toxin, tracheal cytotoxin, dermatonecrotic toxin.

What is the causative agent of tularemia (rabbit fever)?

Francisella tularensis

How is tularemia treated? (1 example)

Gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline

What are the causative agents of human brucellosis? (2 examples)

Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Brucella canis

How is brucellosis treated?

Doxycycline

What are the diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis? (2 examples)

Cutaneous anthrax, pulmonary anthrax, gastrointestinal anthrax.

How is anthrax treated?

Fluoroquinolone

What kind of diseases can be caused by Bacillus cereus?

Food poisoning (vomiring, diarrhoea), wound infection.

What is the causative agent of pseudomembranosus colitist?

Clostridium (Clostridioides) diﬃcile

Which bacteria cause flaccid paralysis?

Clostridium botulinum

Which bacteria causes spastic paralysis?

Clostridium tetani

What is the treatment of tetanus?

Wound care, antitoxin, mechanical ventilation, antibiotics

What is the treatment of botulism?

polyvalent antitoxin

What is the treatment of pseudomembranosus colitis?

Vancomycin per os, metronidazole, faecal transplantation

Which bacteria cause gas gangrene? (2 examples)

Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium septicum

What is the causative agent of diphtheria?

Corynebacterium diphtheria

How can we detect the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

By Elek’s-test

What is the treatment of diphtheria?

Passive immunisation, antibiotics, mechanical ventilation if necessary.

Which bacteria belong to diphtheroid group? (1 examples)

Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium minutissimum, Corynebacterium urealyticum

What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes? (2 example)

Meningitis, sepsis, granulomatosis infantiseptica.

What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes in adults? (2 example)

Gastrointestinal symptoms, meningitis, sepsis, endocarditis

What is the treatment of Listeriosis?

Ampicillin-gentamicin is the drug of choice.

What is the causative agent of erysipeloid?

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Which bacteria cause dental caries?

Lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans.

Which bacteria can cause human tuberculosis? (3 examples)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum

Which drugs are used in the first line treatment of tuberculosis? (2 examples)

rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol

Which staining can be used to stain mycobacteria?

Ziehl-Neelsen (acid fast) staining

How long does it take to culture pathogens of tuberculosis on Lowenstein-Jensen culture media?

6-8 weeks

How can tuberculosis be prevented?

BCG vaccine

What are the facultative pathogenic mycobacteria? (2 examples)

Mycobacterium avium komplex, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium ulcerans

Which mycobacteria is apathogenic?

Mycobacterium smegmatis

What is the causative agent of leprosy?

Mycobacterium leprae

What are the types of leprosy?

Tuberculoid and lepromatosus leprosy

What is the treatment of leprosy?

Dapson, clofazimin, rifampicin

How can Nocardia stain?

It is Gram-positive and Ziehl-Neelsen positive

What type of infections are caused by Nocardia?

Nocardiosis: lung infection, brain abscess

What are the most important Actinomyces species? (1 example)

Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces odontolyticus

What type of infections are caused by Actinomyces israelii (1 example)

Actinomycosis: cervicofacial, abdominal or thoracal

Which E. coli are intestinal pathogens?(3 examples)

ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, EIEC, EHEC

What kind of extraintestinal disease can be caused by Escherichia coli? (2 example)

Urinary tract infections, wound infection, neonatal meningitis, sepsis

What are the causative agent of typhoid fever? (4 examples)

Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, C.

What tests are used in the diagnostics of typhoid fever?

Blood culture, stool culture, Gruber Widal tube agglutination

Which bacteria can cause salmonellosis?

Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Choleraesuis

What are the causative agents of dysentery? (2 examples)

Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei

What are the symptoms of dysentery?

Bloody diarrhoea, fever, tenesmus

Which bacterium is the causative agent of plague?

Yersinia pestis

How does plague spread?

By the bite of the rat flea and by respiratory droplets.

What are the diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae?

Lobar (Friedländer) pneumonia, wound infection, bloodstream infection, urinary tract infection.

What is the causative agent of cholera?

Vibrio cholerae

Which Vibrio species cause human diseases? (3 examples)

Vibrio cholera, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus

What are the characteristic biochemical properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Obligate aerobic, oxidase positive

Colony morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Bacteria can produce water-soluble pigment that stain the culture media, the colonies have grape like smells.

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DNA

DNA

RNA

RNA

Week11

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Week12

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Week13

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week1

week1

genetics quiz

genetics quiz

genetics mcq

genetics mcq

genetics2

genetics2

Week2

Week2

Immunology final

Immunology final

Week3

Week3

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Week3-4 Thyroid

general

general

general2

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immunology

immunology

Internal Metabolism

Internal Metabolism

cell cycle

cell cycle

mid1?

mid1?

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gene4

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week11

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Mid2-1

Mid2-1

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問題一覧

Which bacteria can be diﬀerentiated with the catalase test?

Staphylococci (+) and Streptococci (-)

Which bacteria can be diﬀerentiated with the coagulase test?

Staphylococcus aureus (+) and the other staphylococcus species (-, so called „coagulase-negative staphylococci”)

Microscopic morphology of Staphylococci

Gram-positive cocci, arranged in grape-like clusters

Colony morphology of Staphylococcus aureus on blood agar plate

round colonies with butter consistency, golden pigment product on and beta-haemolysis

What are the non-toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus? (3 examples)

Protein A, endocoagulase (clumping factor), exocoagulase, adhezins, teicoic acid, hialuronidase, protease, lipase, DN-ase.

What are the toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus? (3 examples)

Leucocidin, toxic shock syndrome toxin, exfoliative toxin, enterotoxin, haemolysin

List diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus? (3 examples)

Folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncle, impetigo, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, food poisoning.

List diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins? (2 examples)

Food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome

List at least 2 coagulase-negative staphylococcus species (from the list provided below)!

S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, S. haemolyticus, S. lugdunensis

List diseases caused by coagulase negative staphylococci!

Nosocomial infections, biofilm production on the surface of plastic devices.

How are nosocomial Staphylococcus infections treated?

Based on antibiogram

Which bacterium causes „Honeymoon cystitis”?

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Colony morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes on blood agar plate

Small, pin-point colonies, surrounded by large, strong beta-haemolytic zone

Which streptococci are beta-haemolytic?

Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae

Which streptococci are alpha-haemolytic?

Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans streptococci (e.g. S. mutans, S. mitis, S.salivarius)

Which species is the Lancefield Group A Streptococcus (GAS)?

Streptococcus pyogenes

Which species is the Lancefield Group B Streptococcus (GBS)?

Streptococcus agalactiae

What is the causative agent of scarlet fever?

Streptococcus pyogenes

Which bacterial virulence factor is responsible for of scarlet fever?

Streptococcus pyrogenic exotoxin or erythrogenic toxin

What is the capsule of S. pyogenes made of?

hyaluronic acid

ist diseases cause by Streptococcus pyogenes! (3 examples)

Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, impetigo, erysipelas, necrotising fasciitis, scarlet fever,TSST

What kind of post streptococcal infections can be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

Acute rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis

Which two streptococcus species are stillll 100% sensitive to penicillin?

Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae

What kind of diseases can be caused in new-borns by Streptococcus agalactiae?

Neonatal meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia

Which bacterium is the leading cause of neonatal meningitis?

Streptococcus agalactiae

Microscopic morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Gram-positive diplococci

How can we prevent invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

By 23 valent polysaccharide capsule vaccine or by 13 valent conjugated vaccine.

Which two bacteria can be diﬀerentiated based on their optochin sensitivity / resistance?

S. pneumoniae (S) and viridans streptococci (R)

What kind of diseases can be cause by viridans streptococci?

Dental caries or endocarditis.

What are the 2 most frequent human pathogenic Enterococcus species?

E. faecalis and E. faecium

What type of infections are caused by Enterococci? (3 examples)

Endocarditis, sepsis, urinary tract infection, intraabdominal infection, nosocomial infection

Microscopic morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Gram-negative, non capsulated diplococci.

Which medium can be used for the cultivation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Chocolate agar or Thayer Martin agar.

Microscopic morphology of Neisseria meningitidis?

Gram-negative, capsulated, diplococci.

How can Neisseria meningitidis spread?

By respiratory droplets and will colonize the nasopharynx.

What kind of diseases can be caused by Neisseria meningitidis?

Sepsis, meningitis, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.

What kind of diseases can be caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Gonorrhoea, ophthalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum, proctitis, orchitis.

What is the causative agent of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?

Neisseria meningitidis

Which tests are used to detect Neisseria meningitidis in liquor (CSF) sample?

Microscopic examination, Gram-stain, latex agglutination.

How can we prevent the infection in close contacts of a patient with Neisseria meningitidis disease?

Chemoprophylaxis by rifampicin or ciprofloxacin.

What can cause Neisseria gonorrhoeae in newborns?

Ophthalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum

What type of infection is caused by Moraxella? (1 species and the caused disease)

Moraxella catarrhalis: otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis Moraxella lacunata: eye infection

Which serotype of Haemophilus influenzae can cause invasive infection?

Haemophilus influenzae with capsule „b” serotype.

What type of infections are caused by Haemophilus influenzae capsule type b? (2 examples)

Meningitis, epiglottitis cellulitis

How can we prevent invasive infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae?

By Hib vaccine

What kind of disease can be caused by Haemophilus ducreyi?

Ulcus molle (chancroid).

What is the causative agent of whooping cough?

Bordetella pertussis

What are the virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis? (2 examples)

Fimbria, pertactin, pertussis toxin, tracheal cytotoxin, dermatonecrotic toxin.

What is the causative agent of tularemia (rabbit fever)?

Francisella tularensis

How is tularemia treated? (1 example)

Gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline

What are the causative agents of human brucellosis? (2 examples)

Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Brucella canis

How is brucellosis treated?

Doxycycline

What are the diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis? (2 examples)

Cutaneous anthrax, pulmonary anthrax, gastrointestinal anthrax.

How is anthrax treated?

Fluoroquinolone

What kind of diseases can be caused by Bacillus cereus?

Food poisoning (vomiring, diarrhoea), wound infection.

What is the causative agent of pseudomembranosus colitist?

Clostridium (Clostridioides) diﬃcile

Which bacteria cause flaccid paralysis?

Clostridium botulinum

Which bacteria causes spastic paralysis?

Clostridium tetani

What is the treatment of tetanus?

Wound care, antitoxin, mechanical ventilation, antibiotics

What is the treatment of botulism?

polyvalent antitoxin

What is the treatment of pseudomembranosus colitis?

Vancomycin per os, metronidazole, faecal transplantation

Which bacteria cause gas gangrene? (2 examples)

Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium septicum

What is the causative agent of diphtheria?

Corynebacterium diphtheria

How can we detect the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

By Elek’s-test

What is the treatment of diphtheria?

Passive immunisation, antibiotics, mechanical ventilation if necessary.

Which bacteria belong to diphtheroid group? (1 examples)

Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium minutissimum, Corynebacterium urealyticum

What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes? (2 example)

Meningitis, sepsis, granulomatosis infantiseptica.

What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes in adults? (2 example)

Gastrointestinal symptoms, meningitis, sepsis, endocarditis

What is the treatment of Listeriosis?

Ampicillin-gentamicin is the drug of choice.

What is the causative agent of erysipeloid?

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Which bacteria cause dental caries?

Lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans.

Which bacteria can cause human tuberculosis? (3 examples)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum

Which drugs are used in the first line treatment of tuberculosis? (2 examples)

rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol

Which staining can be used to stain mycobacteria?

Ziehl-Neelsen (acid fast) staining

How long does it take to culture pathogens of tuberculosis on Lowenstein-Jensen culture media?

6-8 weeks

How can tuberculosis be prevented?

BCG vaccine

What are the facultative pathogenic mycobacteria? (2 examples)

Mycobacterium avium komplex, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium ulcerans

Which mycobacteria is apathogenic?

Mycobacterium smegmatis

What is the causative agent of leprosy?

Mycobacterium leprae

What are the types of leprosy?

Tuberculoid and lepromatosus leprosy

What is the treatment of leprosy?

Dapson, clofazimin, rifampicin

How can Nocardia stain?

It is Gram-positive and Ziehl-Neelsen positive

What type of infections are caused by Nocardia?

Nocardiosis: lung infection, brain abscess

What are the most important Actinomyces species? (1 example)

Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces odontolyticus

What type of infections are caused by Actinomyces israelii (1 example)

Actinomycosis: cervicofacial, abdominal or thoracal

Which E. coli are intestinal pathogens?(3 examples)

ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, EIEC, EHEC

What kind of extraintestinal disease can be caused by Escherichia coli? (2 example)

Urinary tract infections, wound infection, neonatal meningitis, sepsis

What are the causative agent of typhoid fever? (4 examples)

Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, C.

What tests are used in the diagnostics of typhoid fever?

Blood culture, stool culture, Gruber Widal tube agglutination

Which bacteria can cause salmonellosis?

Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Choleraesuis

What are the causative agents of dysentery? (2 examples)

Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei

What are the symptoms of dysentery?

Bloody diarrhoea, fever, tenesmus

Which bacterium is the causative agent of plague?

Yersinia pestis

How does plague spread?

By the bite of the rat flea and by respiratory droplets.

What are the diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae?

Lobar (Friedländer) pneumonia, wound infection, bloodstream infection, urinary tract infection.

What is the causative agent of cholera?

Vibrio cholerae

Which Vibrio species cause human diseases? (3 examples)

Vibrio cholera, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus

What are the characteristic biochemical properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Obligate aerobic, oxidase positive

Colony morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Bacteria can produce water-soluble pigment that stain the culture media, the colonies have grape like smells.