問題一覧
1
Which bacteria can be differentiated with the catalase test?
Staphylococci (+) and Streptococci (-)
2
Which bacteria can be differentiated with the coagulase test?
Staphylococcus aureus (+) and the other staphylococcus species (-, so called „coagulase-negative staphylococci”)
3
Microscopic morphology of Staphylococci
Gram-positive cocci, arranged in grape-like clusters
4
Colony morphology of Staphylococcus aureus on blood agar plate
round colonies with butter consistency, golden pigment product on and beta-haemolysis
5
What are the non-toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus? (3 examples)
Protein A, endocoagulase (clumping factor), exocoagulase, adhezins, teicoic acid, hialuronidase, protease, lipase, DN-ase.
6
What are the toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus? (3 examples)
Leucocidin, toxic shock syndrome toxin, exfoliative toxin, enterotoxin, haemolysin
7
List diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus? (3 examples)
Folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncle, impetigo, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, food poisoning.
8
List diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins? (2 examples)
Food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome
9
List at least 2 coagulase-negative staphylococcus species (from the list provided below)!
S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, S. haemolyticus, S. lugdunensis
10
List diseases caused by coagulase negative staphylococci!
Nosocomial infections, biofilm production on the surface of plastic devices.
11
How are nosocomial Staphylococcus infections treated?
Based on antibiogram
12
Which bacterium causes „Honeymoon cystitis”?
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
13
Colony morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes on blood agar plate
Small, pin-point colonies, surrounded by large, strong beta-haemolytic zone
14
Which streptococci are beta-haemolytic?
Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae
15
Which streptococci are alpha-haemolytic?
Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans streptococci (e.g. S. mutans, S. mitis, S.salivarius)
16
Which species is the Lancefield Group A Streptococcus (GAS)?
Streptococcus pyogenes
17
Which species is the Lancefield Group B Streptococcus (GBS)?
Streptococcus agalactiae
18
What is the causative agent of scarlet fever?
Streptococcus pyogenes
19
Which bacterial virulence factor is responsible for of scarlet fever?
Streptococcus pyrogenic exotoxin or erythrogenic toxin
20
What is the capsule of S. pyogenes made of?
hyaluronic acid
21
ist diseases cause by Streptococcus pyogenes! (3 examples)
Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, impetigo, erysipelas, necrotising fasciitis, scarlet fever,TSST
22
What kind of post streptococcal infections can be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?
Acute rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
23
Which two streptococcus species are stillll 100% sensitive to penicillin?
Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae
24
What kind of diseases can be caused in new-borns by Streptococcus agalactiae?
Neonatal meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia
25
Which bacterium is the leading cause of neonatal meningitis?
Streptococcus agalactiae
26
Microscopic morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram-positive diplococci
27
How can we prevent invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
By 23 valent polysaccharide capsule vaccine or by 13 valent conjugated vaccine.
28
Which two bacteria can be differentiated based on their optochin sensitivity / resistance?
S. pneumoniae (S) and viridans streptococci (R)
29
What kind of diseases can be cause by viridans streptococci?
Dental caries or endocarditis.
30
What are the 2 most frequent human pathogenic Enterococcus species?
E. faecalis and E. faecium
31
What type of infections are caused by Enterococci? (3 examples)
Endocarditis, sepsis, urinary tract infection, intraabdominal infection, nosocomial infection
32
Microscopic morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Gram-negative, non capsulated diplococci.
33
Which medium can be used for the cultivation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Chocolate agar or Thayer Martin agar.
34
Microscopic morphology of Neisseria meningitidis?
Gram-negative, capsulated, diplococci.
35
How can Neisseria meningitidis spread?
By respiratory droplets and will colonize the nasopharynx.
36
What kind of diseases can be caused by Neisseria meningitidis?
Sepsis, meningitis, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.
37
What kind of diseases can be caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Gonorrhoea, ophthalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum, proctitis, orchitis.
38
What is the causative agent of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?
Neisseria meningitidis
39
Which tests are used to detect Neisseria meningitidis in liquor (CSF) sample?
Microscopic examination, Gram-stain, latex agglutination.
40
How can we prevent the infection in close contacts of a patient with Neisseria meningitidis disease?
Chemoprophylaxis by rifampicin or ciprofloxacin.
41
What can cause Neisseria gonorrhoeae in newborns?
Ophthalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum
42
What type of infection is caused by Moraxella? (1 species and the caused disease)
Moraxella catarrhalis: otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis Moraxella lacunata: eye infection
43
Which serotype of Haemophilus influenzae can cause invasive infection?
Haemophilus influenzae with capsule „b” serotype.
44
What type of infections are caused by Haemophilus influenzae capsule type b? (2 examples)
Meningitis, epiglottitis cellulitis
45
How can we prevent invasive infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae?
By Hib vaccine
46
What kind of disease can be caused by Haemophilus ducreyi?
Ulcus molle (chancroid).
47
What is the causative agent of whooping cough?
Bordetella pertussis
48
What are the virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis? (2 examples)
Fimbria, pertactin, pertussis toxin, tracheal cytotoxin, dermatonecrotic toxin.
49
What is the causative agent of tularemia (rabbit fever)?
Francisella tularensis
50
How is tularemia treated? (1 example)
Gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline
51
What are the causative agents of human brucellosis? (2 examples)
Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Brucella canis
52
How is brucellosis treated?
Doxycycline
53
What are the diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis? (2 examples)
Cutaneous anthrax, pulmonary anthrax, gastrointestinal anthrax.
54
How is anthrax treated?
Fluoroquinolone
55
What kind of diseases can be caused by Bacillus cereus?
Food poisoning (vomiring, diarrhoea), wound infection.
56
What is the causative agent of pseudomembranosus colitist?
Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile
57
Which bacteria cause flaccid paralysis?
Clostridium botulinum
58
Which bacteria causes spastic paralysis?
Clostridium tetani
59
What is the treatment of tetanus?
Wound care, antitoxin, mechanical ventilation, antibiotics
60
What is the treatment of botulism?
polyvalent antitoxin
61
What is the treatment of pseudomembranosus colitis?
Vancomycin per os, metronidazole, faecal transplantation
62
Which bacteria cause gas gangrene? (2 examples)
Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium septicum
63
What is the causative agent of diphtheria?
Corynebacterium diphtheria
64
How can we detect the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
By Elek’s-test
65
What is the treatment of diphtheria?
Passive immunisation, antibiotics, mechanical ventilation if necessary.
66
Which bacteria belong to diphtheroid group? (1 examples)
Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium minutissimum, Corynebacterium urealyticum
67
What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes? (2 example)
Meningitis, sepsis, granulomatosis infantiseptica.
68
What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes in adults? (2 example)
Gastrointestinal symptoms, meningitis, sepsis, endocarditis
69
What is the treatment of Listeriosis?
Ampicillin-gentamicin is the drug of choice.
70
What is the causative agent of erysipeloid?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
71
Which bacteria cause dental caries?
Lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans.
72
Which bacteria can cause human tuberculosis? (3 examples)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum
73
Which drugs are used in the first line treatment of tuberculosis? (2 examples)
rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol
74
Which staining can be used to stain mycobacteria?
Ziehl-Neelsen (acid fast) staining
75
How long does it take to culture pathogens of tuberculosis on Lowenstein-Jensen culture media?
6-8 weeks
76
How can tuberculosis be prevented?
BCG vaccine
77
What are the facultative pathogenic mycobacteria? (2 examples)
Mycobacterium avium komplex, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium ulcerans
78
Which mycobacteria is apathogenic?
Mycobacterium smegmatis
79
What is the causative agent of leprosy?
Mycobacterium leprae
80
What are the types of leprosy?
Tuberculoid and lepromatosus leprosy
81
What is the treatment of leprosy?
Dapson, clofazimin, rifampicin
82
How can Nocardia stain?
It is Gram-positive and Ziehl-Neelsen positive
83
What type of infections are caused by Nocardia?
Nocardiosis: lung infection, brain abscess
84
What are the most important Actinomyces species? (1 example)
Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces odontolyticus
85
What type of infections are caused by Actinomyces israelii (1 example)
Actinomycosis: cervicofacial, abdominal or thoracal
86
Which E. coli are intestinal pathogens?(3 examples)
ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, EIEC, EHEC
87
What kind of extraintestinal disease can be caused by Escherichia coli? (2 example)
Urinary tract infections, wound infection, neonatal meningitis, sepsis
88
What are the causative agent of typhoid fever? (4 examples)
Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, C.
89
What tests are used in the diagnostics of typhoid fever?
Blood culture, stool culture, Gruber Widal tube agglutination
90
Which bacteria can cause salmonellosis?
Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Choleraesuis
91
What are the causative agents of dysentery? (2 examples)
Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei
92
What are the symptoms of dysentery?
Bloody diarrhoea, fever, tenesmus
93
Which bacterium is the causative agent of plague?
Yersinia pestis
94
How does plague spread?
By the bite of the rat flea and by respiratory droplets.
95
What are the diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae?
Lobar (Friedländer) pneumonia, wound infection, bloodstream infection, urinary tract infection.
96
What is the causative agent of cholera?
Vibrio cholerae
97
Which Vibrio species cause human diseases? (3 examples)
Vibrio cholera, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus
98
What are the characteristic biochemical properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Obligate aerobic, oxidase positive
99
Colony morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Bacteria can produce water-soluble pigment that stain the culture media, the colonies have grape like smells.